neuro- 或 neur-
pref.（前缀）
语源
pref.（前缀）
- Nerve:
神经：
neuroblast.
成神经细胞 - Neural:
神经的：
neuropathology.
神经病理学
语源
- Greek [sinew, string]
希腊语 [腱，绳] - from neuron * see (s)neəu-
源自 neuron *参见 (s)neəu-
neuro- or (before a vowel) neur-
combining form
indicating a nerve or the nervous system
⇒
neuroblast
⇒
neurology
Origin
from Greek neuron nerve; related to Latin nervusneuro-
Word Origin
1
a combining form meaning “nerve,” “nerves,” “nervous system,” used in the formation of compound words:
neurology.
Also, especially before a vowel, neur-.
Origin
< Greek neuro-, combining form of neûron; akin to Latin nervus
Related Words
- neuroleptic
- neur-
- neuroanatomy
- neurobehavioral
- neurobiology
- neuroblast
neuro-a word element meaning 'tendon', 'nerve'.
Also, neur-. [Greek, combining form of neuron]
neuro-
combining form
⇨ see neur-
combining form
⇨ see neur-
neuro-
combining form
- relating to nerves or the nervous system表示“与神经有关的”, “与神经系统有关的”：
-
neuroanatomy
neurohormone.
词源
from Greek neuron 'nerve, sinew, tendon'.
1904 Biol. Bull. VI. 90These facts point toward either a specialization or a modification in function which is of interest because of its bearing upon certain *neuro⁓anatomical facts.
1971 H. A. Whitaker in W. O. Dingwall Survey of Linguistic Science 148It is plausible..that there is a universal neuroanatomical substrate for the language system.
1931 H. L. Hollingworth AbnormalPsychol. iv. 68This condition would be difficult to understand if it were not that the *neuro⁓anatomist had mapped out the course of the various sensory pathways in the spinal cord.
1963 Zeitschr. für Zellforschung LX. 815The basis of the neuron doctrine was established by the work of a few eminent neuro⁓anatomists.
1974 Nature 6 Sept. 83/1 For the neuroanatomists of the nineteenth century, the cerebellum was a source of fascination.
1900 Dorland Med. Dict. 441/1*Neuro-anatomy.
1913 Official Publ. CornellUniv. IV. xvi,Strauss, Israel. A.B., M.D., Instructor in Neuro-Anatomy, 1911.
1931 H. L. Hollingworth AbnormalPsychol. iv. 77We may illustrate the ‘fictional’ or hypothetical notion of explanation also in the field of neuro-anatomy.
1971 Sci. Amer. May 89/3In view of the basic neuro-anatomy of the visual system, this means that the visual effects must have been the result of neuronal activity in the brain rather than in the eye itself.
1959 Internat. Rev. Neurobiol. I. p. vii,Progress in *neurobiological research must maintain a delicate balance between the fascination of basic explanation of clinical and physiological phenomena by means of chemical and physical concepts on the one hand and the pressing needs for the development of new and effective treatments of disease on the other.
1971 Nature 5 Mar. 25/1 The neurobiological approach to mental health.
1957 H. Read Tenth Muse xiii. 110If one reads a *neurobiologist such as J. R. Smithies one has the feeling, perhaps deceptive, that the problems discussed by Professor Ayer are being discussed more realistically.
1971 J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man p. vii,What the neurobiologist finds out about the brain must surely be relevant to fundamental views of the nature of all this knowledge.
1906 Index-Catal. Library Surg. -General's Office,U.S. Army 2ndSer. XI. 622/1 (heading)*Neurobiology.
1960 Times 22 Sept. 4/2 Researches cover neurobiology—such as ‘eye movements and optogyral illusion’.
1972 Sci. Amer. Sept. 51/1Thus neurobiology has now shown why it is human—and all too human—to hold Euclidean geometry and its non-intersecting co-planar parallel lines to be a self-evident truth. Non-Euclidean geometries of convex or concave surfaces, although our brain is evidently capable of conceiving them, are more alien to our built-in spatial-perception processes.
1908 C. U. A. Kappers in Jrnl. Physiol. XXXVII. 143Another feature of the autonomic system might find its explanation in the *neurobiotactic influence of the axon stimulation.
1948 A. Brodal NeurologicalAnat. vii. 192The neurobiotactic influences (Kappers) of which the above-mentioned fact is an example, are also revealed in other morphological features.
1908 C. U. A. Kappers in Jrnl. Physiol. XXXVII. 140Referring for further details concerning these phenomena of *neurobiotaxis to my former papers on this subject, I only wish to state here that..it is obvious that the motor cells migrate in the direction whence they get the greatest quantity of stimuli.
1961 P. Glees Exper. Neurol. vi. 168In accordance with his hypothesis of neurobiotaxis..Kappers (1920) believes that the dendrites grow from the cell towards the source of their afferent stimuli.
1892 Syd. Soc. Lex. ,*Neuroblast, the pear-shaped cells which arise by a process of mitosis from the germinal cells of the early embryo.
1897 19th Cent. July 25The embryonal nerve-cell (neuroblast) will be simply an oval sac.
1910 J. H. Wright in Jrnl. Exper. Med. XII. 556The essential cells of the tumor are considered to be more or less undifferentiated nerve cells or neurocytes or neuroblasts, and hence the names neurocytoma and *neuroblastoma.
1925 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) XIV. 193In our Brigham Hospital records..many of them have in the past been designated neurocytomas or neuroblastomas.
1948 R. Greene Pract. Endocrinol. iv. 128The neuroblastomata are highly malignant tumours.
1974 Nature 17 May 224/1 The C1300 mouse neuroblastoma has been useful for studies of the differentiation and trophic interactions of nerve cells.
1870 Rolleston Anim. Life p. lxii,The *neurocentral suture is usually absent.
1873 Mivart Elem. Anat. 61The line of junction of the lateral pieces with the central pieces is termed the neuro-central suture.
1884 Hyatt in Proc. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. XXIII. 121The distribution and formation of the *neurocentra..in the vertebræ of the Permian Rhachitomi.
1949 Koestler Insight & Outlook v. 68Their *neurochemical substratum cannot be worked off in overt activities. [ sc. that of our emotional impulses]
1963 Lancet 12 Jan. 79/1 If their effect on the brain could be evaluated, understanding of the neurochemical changes in depression might follow.
1972 Sci. Amer. Nov. 28/3The hypothesis proposed that hypothalamic control of the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary could be neurochemical.
1958 Neurology VIII. ( Suppl. 1) 27/2Many investigators using such methods would not consider themselves *neurochemists, but they certainly contribute to the growing body of neurochemical data.
1971 Nature 22 Mar. 130/3 Undoubtedly, it now has the added attraction to neurochemists that it can be obtained in bulk from the mammalian nervous system. [ sc. myelin]
1955 Neuropharmacology I. 11 There are enough problems and enough possibilities for an entire science in the field of ‘*neuro-chemistry’ or/and ‘neuro-pharmacology’.
1969 Nature 11 Oct. 118/2 A significant development in neurochemistry has been the finding that thiol groups and disulphides are involved in the functioning and activity of neurones.
1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life. 212The apparatus is hence termed ‘*Neurochord’ by Vejdovsky.., who compares it physiologically with the noto⁓chord of Chordata.
Ibid. 598The so-called ‘giant-fibres’ or ‘neurochord’ are found in nearly all Oligochæta.
1918 ‘T. Lewis’ in Military Surgeon XLII. 410 [ i.e. B. S. Oppenheimer et al.: seeJrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. (1918) 21 Sept. 994] An appreciable number of soldiers present a well-defined symptom-complex, in which certain nervous and circulatory symptoms are associated with an increased susceptibility to fatigue. The descriptive name of *Neuro-Circulatory Asthenia (‘N.C.A.’) is suggested for this syndrome in preference to Disordered Action of the Heart (‘ D.A. H.’).
1953 R. A. McFarland Human Factors in Air Transportation vi. 305The effect of smoking on neurocirculatory efficiency..may be of particular importance to the airman since this test is often used to appraise fitness.
1971 Neurocirculatory . [ see irritable heart (irritable a. 2 b)]
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 898The *neuroclonic state of the neurons of the spinal cord may appear subsequently.
1889 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 110The entire neuraxis is a tube, a subcylindrical mass inclosing a cavity. This cavity is the *neurocœle.
1907 W. N. Parker tr. Wiedersheim'sCompar. Anat. Vertebrates (ed. 3) 75The portion of the skull which is situated along the main axis in continuation of the vertebral column and which encloses the brain, is known as the brain-case or cranium (*neurocranium).
1942 Grove & Newell AnimalBiol. xv. 257Other cartilage is laid down at the sides and above the brain until it becomes enclosed in a cartilaginous box, the brain box or neurocranium.
1972 Nature 24 Mar. 143/2 A sulcus on the outer face of the neurocranium in front of the supposed foramen for the vagus nerve is interpreted as the lateral occipital fissure.
1925 Physiol. Abstr. IX. 544The secretion of these ‘*neurocrine’ glands acts directly on the nerves.
1947 Phil. Trans. R.Soc. B. CCXXXII. 394The relationship of the pars distalis of the pituitary and the possible neurocrine secretion by the hypothalamic nuclei to the water balance of the body are still debatable points.
1962 Science Survey III. 264 There exist equally interesting relationships between odours and animal behaviour on a different and perhaps more profound level..which are very likely mediated by the vegetative nervous system and the neurocrine and other endocrine glands.
1890 Billings Med. Dict. II. 209/1*Neurocyte, nerve-cell.
1894 P. A. Fish in Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. IV. 174For the equivalent of a nerve unit including the nerve cell with all its processes to the uttermost filament, the term neurocyte is suggested. It has not been possible to trace the word to its originator. It is in use in the French language and is included in the dictionary of the New Sydenham Society and Gould's New Medical Dictionary with the simple definition; a nerve cell.
1932 W. Penfield Cytol. & CellularPath. NervousSyst. III. xviii. 941Between the neurocytes are numerous smaller cells.
1910,1925 *Neurocytoma . [ see neuroblastoma above]
1948 R. Greene Pract. Endocrinol. iv. 127The most malignant tumours are the neuroblastomata or neurocytomata.
1966 Wright & Symmers SystemicPath. II. xxxiv. 1246/1A ganglioneuroma (neurocytoma) of the brain is a slowly growing tumour composed of neurons.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 490From the cell-body, or from a protoplasmic extension of the cell (*neuro-dendron) the nerve process or axon is given off.
1877 E. R. Lankester in Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XVII. 430epiblast and the musculo-skeletal portion of the mesoblast—or..*neurodermal and myoskeletal moieties. [ The]
1896 Amer. Year-bk. Med. &Surg. 715 (heading)Vitiligo, lichen ruber planus, and chronic circumscribed *neurodermatitis.
1935 Neurodermatitis . [ see neurodermatosis below]
1947 N.Y. StateJrnl. Med. XLVII. 1889/2MacKenna and others have suggested that the neurodermatitides may have a corresponding symbolic meaning.
1954 Bull. Muscogee CountyMed. Soc. Aug. 9A large list of diseases has been included under the term ‘psychosomatic’,.. it includes..certain skin diseases—notably the so-called neurodermatitides.
1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxxi. 13/1The condition is sometimes referred to as neurodermatitis because it is most frequently encountered in obsessional and anxious individuals. [ sc. lichen simplex chronicus]
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Neurodermatosis.
1911 M. Morris Dis. Skin (ed. 5) iv. 54 (heading)Neuroses of the skin. Classification of neuro-dermatoses.
1935 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 5 Oct. 1099/1A group of eighty patients presenting typical clinical examples of the neurodermatoses..was selected.., with diagnoses as follows: neuro⁓dermatitis (dry type), nineteen; pruritus ani or vulvae, five; neurodermatitis (exudative type), twenty-eight; dyshidrosis, four; . [ etc.]
1941 S. H. Kraines Therapy of Neuroses & Psychoses xiv. 313Clearing up of these neurodermatoses is more difficult than removal of many other emotionally conditioned physical symptoms.
1961 Lancet 12 Aug. 369/1 MacKenna very artistically described neurodermatosis when he stated that ‘in some cases the skin is an organ of stress which bears the brunt of nervous agitation, acting as the canvas on which the perturbation of the mind is painted.’
1935 Q. Rev. Biol. X. 335/2According to the data available, the following is the sequence of functionally related events which probably occur in the electrical excitation of a *neuro-effector system.
1937 Cannon & Rosenblueth Autonomic Neuro-Effector Systems p. viii,Previous researches on autonomic neuro-effectors and the occurrences at their synapses.
1973 European Jrnl. Clin. Pharmacol. VI. 92/1Further investigations are possible..of the possible role of these pools in the control of NA exchanges at the level of the sympathetic neuro-effector junction. [ neuronal]
1973 Science 16 Feb. 693/2 (heading) Neuroeffectors controlling mucus release by the leech.
1849 G. Bird Lect. Electr. & Galvanism i. 24The *neuro-electric theory of Galvani.
Ibid. 25Valli..believed the neuro-electric fluid to be secreted by the capillary arteries supplying the nerves.
1956 L. S. Frishkopf in TechnicalRep. Res. Lab. ElectronicsMass. Inst. Technol. No. 307 (title)A probability approach to certain neuroelectric phenomena.
1965 Math. inBiol. &Med. (Med. Res. Council) iv. 131Modern electrophysiological techniques permit the recording of several types of neuroelectric potentials, and the patterns of voltage-versus-time traces provide the electrophysiologist's basic data.
1974 Nature 15 Feb. 481/1 An exactly similar method is widely used in studying EEG visual evoked responses and other neuroelectric phenomena.
1914 Practitioner June 838 The immediate cause of an epileptic attack is a *neuro-electrical brain storm.
Ibid. 831The chemical generation of nerve force (*neuro-electricity) in the human body.
Ibid. 832The grey matter of the brain must be the site of generation of this neuro-electricity.
1933 Science 18 Aug. 132/1 A notable beginning was made in *neuro-embryologic study of behavior.
1950 Hamburger & Levi-Montalcini in P. Weiss GeneticNeurol. 129The in vitro culture of nerve cells made important contributions to the solution of *neuro-embryological problems.
1970 D. Bodian in F. O. Schmitt Neurosciences: 2nd Study Program xiii. 139/2The considerable insight gained in recent times through analysis of neuroembryological processes.
1950 Hamburger & Levi-Montalcini in P. Weiss GeneticNeurol. 141The *neuroembryologist is largely concerned with the further elaboration of these elementary patterns of the early neural tube.
1970 M. V. Edds in F. O. Schmitt Neuro-sciences: 2nd Study Program v. 51/2The roster of experimental neuroembryologists active since Harrison opened the field early in the century includes some of the most able developmental biologists.
1933 Science 18 Aug. 137/1 The whole subject of *neuro-embryology of higher vertebrates should be reexamined.
1950 Hamburger & Levi-Montalcini in P. Weiss GeneticNeurol. 131The material used in experimental neuroembryology has been confined largely to teleosts, amphibians, and the chick embryo.
1974 Nature 22 Mar. p. xi/1 ( Advt. ),By combining the facts of neurophysiology, neuroembryology, and behaviour, a new theory is built up.
1922 P. Fridenberg in L. F. Barker et al. Endocrinol. & Metabolism II. 769 (heading)*Neuro-endocrin control of intra-ocular tension.
1944 Neuro-endocrine . [ see hypothalamico-hypophysial a.]
1959 T. Lidz in S. Arieti Amer. Handbk. Psychiatry I. xxxii. 650/1The hypothalamus..is now understood to form a critical juncture in a circular feedback system that mediates and regulates neural impulses concerned with emotions and neuro-endocrine activity.
1973 Folia Biol. (Cracow) XXI. 329It has been suggested that alterations in the..secretory pattern of the neuroendocrine components are due to the action of stress.
1963 Annales d'Endocrinol. XXIV. 198 (heading) Introduction to the *neuro-endocrinological study of the pineal gland.
1974 Nature 17 May 213/1 Recent neuroendocrinological findings of most of the leading laboratories in Europe were discussed informally.
1969 Britannica Yearbk. ofSci. & Future 1968 389These organic compounds, which were thought to act as chemical mediators (neurohumors) at synaptic junctions..were of interest to *neuroendocrinologists.
1922 P. Fridenberg in L. F. Barker et al. Endocrinol. & Metabolism II. 757 (heading)Ophthalmic *neuro-endocrinology.
1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 442/2 In 1952 he was appointed senior lecturer in experimental neuroendocrinology at the Institute of Psychiatry.
1967 E. Bajusz ( title)An introduction to clinical neuroendocrinology.
1893 Tuckey tr. Hatschek's Amphioxus 69The *neuro-enteric canal which is generally typical in the development of the vertebrate animals.
1898 Jrnl. R.Microsc. Soc. 64The general conception may be briefly stated. The nerve-cell is analogous to the muscle-cell, producing conducting substance (primitive fibrils, *neurofibrils), as the muscle-cell produces contractile substance (myofibrils). [ of Prof. Apáthy]
1970 A. Peters et al. FineStruct. NervousSyst. iv. 62/2The precise correlation between the classical neurofibrils of silver preparations and the structures seen in electron micrographs remains uncertain.
1973 Neurofibril . [ see neurofibrillaryadj. below]
1902 Jrnl. Nerv. & MentalDis. XXIX. 435 (heading)The *neuro-fibrillae in nerve cells and nerve fibers of the retina.
1963 R. P. Dales Annelids vii. 138Hess suggested that the irregularly shaped refractory body directed the light on to a dense reticulum of neurofibrillae which joined to form the basal nerve fibre.
1902 Jrnl. R.Microsc. Soc. 542 (heading)*Neurofibrillar theory.
1949 Neurofibrillar . [ see neurofibrillaryadj. below]
1971 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. CXLIII. 395/2Neurofibrillar boutons appear following section of the axons.
1902 Jrnl. Nerv. & MentalDis. XXIX. 435The author concludes..that a *neuro-fibrillary structure of nerve cells and their processes..is abundantly proven.
1949 B. W. Lichtenstein Textbk. Neuropath. iv. 46Neurofibrillary abnormalities occur in a variety of disease states. The normal configuration of the neurofibrillar apparatus is well seen in preparations impregnated with silver according to Bielschowsky's method.
1973 H. M. Ráliš et al. Techniques Neurohistol. iv. 89Methods for neurofibrils may also be used to demonstrate..the neurofibrillary tangles which are found in certain pathological conditions.
1892 Syd. Soc. Lex. ,*Neurofibroma, a fibroma arising from the neurilemma of a nerve.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 635Multiple neurofibroma.
1955 Palay & Palade in Jrnl. Biophysical &Biochem. Cytol. I. 78*Neurofilaments.—Fine, long threads, 60 to 100A in diameter and of indefinite length, traverse the cytoplasmic matrix between masses of Nissl substance and other organelles. [ of the neuron]
1965 Progress Brain Res. XIV. 57Electron microscopical studies have shown that the neurofibrils of light microscopists are made up of fine, long, apparently non-branching structures approximately 100 Å in diameter. These are the neurofilaments.
1968 G. A. Horridge Interneurons i. 11Throughout the animal kingdom..many axons and dendrites of nerve cells have tubules in the axoplasm; others, such as the squid giant axon, have neurofilaments that are thinner and less obviously tubular.
1969,1970 Neurofilament . [ see neurotubule below]
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Neuroglandular, having the characteristics of sensory and glandular organs: as, the neuroglandular pit of some Nemertini.
1941 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXXIV. 106Neuroglandular cells are described in three species of cockroaches... The main center of neurosecretory activity is found to be the suboesophageal ganglion.
1943 H. Read Education through Art 26Temperament..is closely connected with the neuro-glandular system and the relations of the cortex to the sub-cortex.
1964 J. Z. Young Model of Brain xviii. 296There must be some common principle involved to produce these similar neuroglandular arrangements in completely independent phyla.
1953 Carlisle & Knowles in Nature 29 Aug. 405/1It seems preferable to call these organs by some purely topographical name which does not denote any function, actual or supposed. The adjective ‘*neurohæmal’ seems to us to be the most appropriate topographical name denoting the common feature of these organs. The organs may thus be referred to collectively as neurohæmal organs, while the adjective may be combined with any of the pre-existing names for these various organs, as, for example, ‘the post-commissural neurohæmal organ’ and ‘dorsal neurohæmal lamella’.
1967 C. A. G. Wiersma Invertebr. Nervous Systems x. 125 (heading)Correlation of propagated action potentials and release of neurosecretory material in a neurohemal organ.
1973 Nature 12 Oct. 288/2 Thus another useful criterion for the definition of a neurosecretory neurone—that it ends in a neurohaemal organ—loses its generality.
1957 A.M.A. Arch. Path. LXIII. 3/2Histologic analysis of these alterations does not require special *neurohistologic methods.
1940 Jrnl. Anat. LXXIV. 413 (heading)Observations on the *neurohistological basis of cutaneous pain.
1973 H. M. Ráliš et al. Techniques Neurohistol. iv. 82 (heading)Neurohistological staining methods.
1901 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. (ed. 2) II. 336/1Until further knowledge has been gained it is safer for the *neuro⁓histologist to work with the various methods . [ etc.]
1968 Clarke & O'Malley Human Brain & Spinal Cord ii. 87Two opposing groups of neurohistologists arose. On the one hand were those who believed that the nerve cells and their processes..constituted independent units in contiguity with other units but not in continuity... Their opponents..considered the cells and fibres to be in direct continuity with one another by way of a network to which the fibres contributed.
1897 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 15 May 652/2The most important contributions of Golgi in the domain of *neuro-histology consisted in (1) the invention of the silver method of staining; (2) the recognition within the central regions of cells of different types..; and (3) the discovery of lateral branches from the axis-cylinder process.
1940 Jrnl. Anat. LXXIV. 426The neuro-histology of this area establishes that in the human skin pain is subserved by fine nerve fibres bearing free nerve endings.
1973 H. M. Ráliš et al. Techniques Neurohistol. v. 146This final chapter..mentions histochemical methods used in neurohistology as well as some applications of autoradiography in the study of nerve tissue.
1842 Fraser's Mag. XXVI. 375Mr. Braid having failed in obtaining a hearing for his curious discoveries in Mesmerism, or *neurohypnology, as he calls it.
1843 Braid Neurypnol. 7In respect to the *Neuro-Hypnotic state.
1842 ― in Trans. Brit. Assoc. 29 June,Practical Essay on the Curative Agency of *Neuro-Hypnotism.
1926 G. R. de Beer Compar. Anat. Pituitary Body ii. 28The anterior lobe consists only of the pars anterior, but the posterior lobe, which always contains the partes intermedia and nervosa, may or may not also be associated with the pars tuberalis, since many authors fail to distinguish between the latter and the pars intermedia. In order to avoid ambiguity the term *neuro-intermediate lobe may be used to include the pars nervosa and the pars intermedia, since they are always in the closest morphological association.
1965 Lee & Knowles Animal Hormones ii. 28In fishes the pituitary gland is conveniently divided into three portions... Closely associated with the posterior portion of the adenohypophysis (pars intermedia), and extending into it, is the pars nervosa; the term neuro-intermediate lobe is often applied to this region.
1973 Nature 28 Sept. 207/2 Pituitary control of sebaceous gland activity has generally been assumed to be a function of the anterior lobe. The possibility that the neurointermediate (NI) lobe is involved was first suggested when we found that its removal led to a decrease in sebum secretion.
1883 Klein Elem. Histol. §140Its own hyaline more or less elastic sheath, composed of *neurokeratin.
1960 L. F. Chapman et al. inTrans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians LXXIII. 263Specimens collected from the head during the headache attacks contained a substance that could be distinguished from serotonin,..acetylcholine and histamine... The heat stabilized substance had many of the properties of bradykinin, Kallidin, or ‘plasma kinin’... This polypeptide has been labeled ‘*neurokinin’ and has been found..to be released during neuronal excitation.
1969 J. Pearce Migraine vii. 39More recently the polypeptides and kinins have been examined more critically, because of the claims of isolation of neurokinin from the scalp tissue fluid in migraine attacks.
1908 W. McDougall in Brain XXXI. 247This distinction between chemically stored or potential nervous energy and the liberated active nervous energy is, I feel sure, one of the first importance for neurological speculation... Oscar Vogt..has proposed to mark it by calling the freed nervous energy ‘*neurokyme’... I adopt Vogt's term.
1926 ― Outl. AbnormalPsychol. v. 104All mental activity involves the discharge of neurokyme from the sensory to the motor side of the brain.
1944 W. Brown Psychol. & Psychotherapy (ed. 5) v. 57McDougall regards the passage of nervous energy (neurokyme) across the synapses of the cerebral cortex as the physical correlate of the psychical process.
1961 Studies in Linguistics XV. 70 Ideally, the *neurolinguist would have thorough training in scientific linguistics and in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.
1936 *Neuro-linguistic . [ see neurosemanticadj. below]
1961 Studies in Linguistics XV. 70 Neurolinguistic work has certainly been carried out under other names, by people who work with aphasia, by neurosurgeons and neurologists, . [ etc.]
1970 J. Laver in J. Lyons New Horizons in Linguistics iii. 61The healthy adult brain is not itself accessible to neurolinguistic experiment. There is thus no possibility of directly observing the neural mechanisms involved in constructing a neurolinguistic program.
1961 E. C. Trager in Studies in Linguistics XV. 70*Neurolinguistics is the term proposed here for a field of interdisciplinary scientific study which does not as yet have a formal existence. Its subject matter is the relationship between the human nervous system and language.
1970 J. Laver in J. Lyons New Horizons in Linguistics iii. 61In neurolinguistics the subdisciplinary boundary between phonetics and linguistics, which has always been of doubtful validity, is largely disappearing.
1973 Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News 10 Apr. 5/4 She is interested in neurolinguistics and studies of aphasia.
1975 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XX. 94A Study in Neurolinguistics is perhaps the first publication in the form of a monograph in the field of ‘language and the brain’ with the term ‘neurolinguistics’ in its title.
1866 Owen Anat. Vertebr. I. 203,I would suggest..*neuromere.
1897 Nat. Sci. Feb. 114That..branch of morphology which deals with the nerve-segments of the head (cerebral neuromeres).
1851 tr. Unzer & Prochaska's NervousSyst. (Syd.Soc. )Introd. 1He showed an early inclination to *neuro-metaphysical studies.
1818 Southey Let. 5 Dec. in Life (1850) IV. 327The nitrous oxyde approaches nearer to the notion of a *neurometer than anything which perhaps could be devised.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 88‘*Neuro-mimesis’ lays too much stress on the resemblances..between the symptoms of hysteria and of other diseases.
1884 H. M. Jones Health of Senses v. 132The *neuromimetic, with curved spine, pain in joints,..aches in every part of the body.
1864 Jrnl. MentalSci. X. 37There appears to be a *neuro-muscular, as well as a purely mental retentiveness.
1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. 63Kleinenberg terms those neuro-muscular elements.
1892 J. A. Thomson Outl. Zool. iii. 36In some Cœlenterates it is possible that some of the external cells combine contractile, nervous, and even other functions. Under this impression many call them ‘neuro-muscular’.
1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 159The development and activity of the neuro-muscular system.
1904 Jrnl. Physiol. XXX. 494If our conception of this neuro-muscular junctional tissue is correct the name nerve-ending is obviously a misnomer.
1937 Physiol. Rev. XVII. 538It may be concluded that synapses and neuro-muscular junctions are essentially similar, there being close contact but not protoplasmic continuity.
1948 Federation Proc. VII. 452/1The fundamental change which accounts for the neuromuscular block produced by curare itself is a decrease in the end-plate potential.
1950 J. H. Burn Lect. NotesPharmacol. (ed. 2) 14Neostigmine restores neuromuscular transmission.
1963 R. P. Dales Annelids vi. 119The failure to respond is not due to failure of the giant fibre itself, but to the relay or to the neuromuscular junction.
1926 Physiol. Rev. VI. 564Comparable data on muscle and the *neuromyal junction.
1965 Jrnl. Pharmacol. &Exper. Therap. CXLVII. 350 (heading)Pharmacological actions of oxamides and hydroxyanalinium compounds at frog neuromyal junction.
1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. III. 30/1An argument in favour of the theory of *neuromyic action.
a1890 Coues & Shute in N.Y. Med. Record XXXII. 93 (Cent. ),Neurology is the key to myology, and a *neuro-myology is practicable.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 463*Neuro⁓myositis, in which the primary lesion is nervous.
1897 Wilder in Nature 7 Jan. 224The *neuronyms adopted by the Anatomische Gesellschaft in 1895.
1875 H. Walton Dis. Eye 907*Neuroparalytic corneitis.
1878 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 317Cases of neuro-paralytic ophthalmia.
1913 Jrnl. Pharmacol. &Exper. Therap. V. 107We now approach the subject of the susceptibility of the central heat-regulating mechanism to more specific *neuro-pharmacologic influences.
1973 Folia Biol. (Cracow) XXI. 331The CAH-positive cells of the brain in the cockroach undergo most of the alterations..after the administration of various types of neuropharmacologic agents.
1959 Jrnl. Pharmacol. &Exper. Therap. CXXVI. 312/1Thioridazine hydrochloride..and chlorpromazine hydrochloride..have been examined for *neuropharmacological properties in mice and rats.
1971 New Scientist 9 Dec. 119 These various poisons have proved novel tools in neuro-pharmacological research, especially in elucidating the mechanism of nervous conduction.
1971 Nature 24 Sept. 285/2 Other *neuropharmacologically-active or serotonin-related drugs were also tested.
1966 Sci. NewsLet. 1 Jan. 6Rats..given the compound..retained what they had learned longer, Dr. N. P. Plotnikoff, an Abbott *neuro-pharmacologist, reported.
1973 Nature 14 Dec. p. xvi/1 ( Advt. ),We seek a Technician to join a team of neuro-pharmacologists.
1955 *Neuropharmacology . [ see neurochemistry above]
1973 Nature 28 Sept. p. xx/3 ( Advt. ),General experience of either neurochemistry, neurophysiology, or neuropharmacology is essential.
1960 Biochim. & Biophys. Acta XXXVIII. 266 From sheep posterior hypophysis a complex was obtained containing 90% of the oxytocic and vasopressic activity of the gland. The complex is an association of oxytocine and vasopressine with a protein, *neurophysine . [ sic:Eng. summary of article in Fr.]
1970 Biochem. Jrnl. CXVI. 908/2The neurophysins of the pig form a group of proteins of different electrophoretic mobilities but all possessing the capacity to bind oxytocin and -vasopressin. [ 8-lysine]
1973 Nature 2 Mar. 63/1 This system is characterized immunochemically by the neurophysins, the specific carrier-proteins for vasopressin and oxytocin.
1937 Surgery I. 132 The vast literature on recent *neurophysiologic research.
1972 Science 12 May 607/1 Any changes in the action potentials of trained motor units..must reflect neurophysiologic changes of the single neuron supplying the motor unit.
1862 Syd. Soc. Year-bk. Med. 43*Neuro-physiological Inquiries.
1962 C. L. Buxton Study of Psychophysical Methods for Relief Childbirth Pain vii. 60Attempts were made also to explain *neurophysiologically how it might be possible for fear and tension to increase the pain and length of labor.
1971 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXIV. 141In the early experimentation, there was no way to isolate a channel neurophysiologically.
1949 Koestler Insight & Outlook iv. 44The demonstration or refutation by the *neuro-physiologist of the existence of corresponding mechanisms in the central nervous system.
1966 I. Asimov Fantastic Voyage i. 17The extension of the technique could be of great importance to the neuro-physiologist.
1973 Sci. Amer. July 96/3Between 1900 and 1920 Charles S. Sherrington, the foremost neuro-physiologist of the time, applied the technique of electrical stimulation to study how the cerebrum controlled movement.
1868 Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. i. vii. 142The truths of *Neuro-physiology..set down in the foregoing chapters.
[ 1892Syd. Soc. Lex. ,Neuroplasma, Kupffer's term for a fluid which he supposed to lie between the fibrils of the cylinder-axis of a nerve. ]
1894 Gould Dict. Med. 869/1*Neuroplasm.
1896 E. L. Billstein tr. Stöhr'sText-bk. Histol. ii. i. 81Each fibrilla represents a special conducting path and is cemented to neighboring fibrillae by a small amount of finely-granular interstitial substance—neuroplasm. [ of the axon]
1960 L. Picken Organization of Cells vii. 291In the light of electron microscope studies..it is likely that the axoplasm differs from the neuroplasm rather in the relative abundance and orientation of the various components..than in absolute composition.
1970 Nature 5 Sept. 1006/2 It is generally believed that neuroplasm is constantly synthesized in the cell body and moves as a gel down the axon (and probably also along the dendrites).
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Neuro-plasmic.
1965 Acta Neuropath. IV. 33 Neuroplasmic swellings were found within dendrites.
1970 P. A. Weiss in F. O. Schmitt Neurosciences: 2nd Study Program lxxiii. 840 (heading)Neuronal dynamics and neuroplasmic flow.
1884 Hyatt in Proc. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. XXIII. 119The homology of the fore and hind *neuropores with the fore and hind openings of the actinostome.
1893 Tuckey tr. Hatschek's Amphioxus 177Transverse section through the anterior part of the neuropore.
1891 D. Wilson Right Hand 186The centres of the *neuro-psychic factors of language.
1851 tr. Unzer & Prochaska's NervousSyst. (Syd.Soc. )Introd. 2The *neuro-psychological essays..are frequently referred to in the present work.
Ibid. 6There was..another *neuro-psychologist, whose name is less known in England.
1900 Dorland Med. Dict. 442/2*Neuropsychosis, nervous disease complicated with mental disorder.
1918 A. A. Brill tr. Freud's Totem & Taboo iii. 158The system formation is most ingenious in delusional states (paranoia) and dominates the clinical picture, but it also must not be overlooked in other forms of neuropsychoses.
1924 J. Riviere et al.tr. Freud'sColl. Papers I. 59 (heading)The defence of neuropsychoses.
1936 A. Myerson in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry XCIII. 281,I formally introduce the concept of the neuropsychosis. The neuropsychosis comes into being by an intensification of the symptomatology of the neuroses.
1964 Taveras & Wood Diagnostic Neuroradiol. 2The use of gamma rays from radioactive isotopes for scanning, and the use of heat waves in thermography,..are being incorporated in *neuroradiologic clinical practice.
1962 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXXV. 501/1Problems of *neuroradiological nomenclature and the radiographic projections were discussed.
1955 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. XLIII 8/1A very high proportion of successful angiograms justifies a wider trial. Even if it may not be equally successful in other hands I believe that it will become an important part of the armamentarium of *neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon.
1961 Lancet 30 Sept. 746/1 Dr. J. L. G. Thomson, the neuroradiologist in Bristol, and all of the neurosurgical team are now performing about 700 angiographies a year.
1938 Wakeley & Orley ( title)A textbook of *neuro-radiology.
1964 Taveras & Wood Diagnostic Neuroradiol. 1During the last fifteen years, angiography has arrived at its appropriate place of importance in diagnostic neuroradiology.
1878 A. M. Hamilton Nerv. Dis. 187Loss of vision complete, *neuroretinitis of both eyes.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 707The occurrence of attacks of neuro-retinitis in gouty subjects.
1963 ( title of periodical)*Neurosciences research program bulletin.
1964 New Scientist 10 Sept. 643/1 Man's search for the physical basis of mental processes has evolved a number of disparate neurosciences. Some of these, such as neurology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropathology, and psychology, have advanced to the status of mature sciences.
1970 Nature 5 Sept. 1006/1 During the past few years neuroscience, comprising the sciences of brain and behaviour, has been differentiating, integrating, regrouping.
1974 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Oct. 1151/3It will transform the established neuro-sciences until they become increasingly able to comprehend the problems of behaviour, possibly even of mind.
1967 R. B. Livingston in G. C. Quarton et al. Neurosciences: Study Program 500/1*Neuro-scientists are drawn to this field..by a desire to learn more about ourselves as human beings.
1974 Nature 1 Mar. p. v/1 ( Advt. ),This new book by the well-known neuroscientist Elliot S. Valenstein.
1941 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXXIV. 93*Neurosecretion is present in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
1961 Biol. Abstr. XXXVI. 1201/1 (heading)Neurosecretions in the insect.
1963 R. P. Dales Annelids viii. 166Neurosecretion may be of major importance in the co-ordination of the annelid body.
1968 New Scientist 16 May 355/1 It is quite possible that neurosecretions are the ‘oldest’ hormones in the animal kingdom.
1973 Proc. IndianAcad. Sci. B. LXXVII. 148Involvement of neurosecretion in some of the physiological activities of this scorpion will be reported here.
1940 Nature 17 Feb. 264/1 (heading) *Neurosecretory cells in the ganglia of Lepidoptera.
1956 Ibid. 17 Mar. 532/1In the cockroach, activity rhythms may have a neurosecretory basis.
1963 R. P. Dales Annelids viii. 166In Nephthys the cells in the blood greatly increase and take up neurosecretory material from the back of the brain during posterior regeneration following amputation.
1968 H. O. Hofer in G. H. Bourne Struct. & Function of Nervous Tissue I. xi. 471The neurosecretory substances act as hormones, long-range and long-acting; and they are not directly transmitted, but are released in a circulating body fluid as acting agents.
1936 A. Korzybski in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry XCIII. 29By using the term evaluation as a fundamental term, we bridge methodologically and linguistically the exact sciences with other sciences, psychiatry included. We gain thereby powerful neuro-linguistic and *neuro-semantic direct methods for education and psychotherapy.
1946 S. A. Hayakawa in W. S. Knickerbocker Twentieth Century English 47In accounting for human behavior it postulates the ‘neuro-semantic environment’—the environment, that is, of dogmas, beliefs, creeds, knowledge, and superstitions to which we react as the result of our training—as a fundamental and inescapable part of our total environment.
1929 C. U. A. Kappers Evolution NervousSyst. Invertebr. ,Vertebr. & Man 3The different forms of nervous conductors are three: the *neuro⁓sensory cell, which generally retains its place in an epithelial layer, the primitive or asynaptic ganglion cell and the polarized or synaptic neurone, both of which are nearly always located under the epithelium.
1940 O. Lowenstein Parker & Haswell'sText-bk. Zool. (ed. 6) I. i. 36The photosensitive cells in the retina of the vertebrate eye and the olfactory receptor cells situated in the epithelium coating of the vertebrate nose have the structure of neuro⁓sensory cells.
1946 L. A. White in W. S. Knickerbocker Twentieth CenturyEng. 93The animal hearing them understands them..by virtue of his own inborn neuro⁓sensory equipment.
1962 D. Nichols Echinoderms iii. 43Besides the general scattering of neurosensory cells over the asteroid body, there are five light-sensitive optic cushions, one at the base of each terminal tentacle.
1974 Sci. Amer. Nov. 14/3Reader in neurosensory physiology.
1925 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) XIV. 192It. .is important, more especially for the *neurosurgeon..that his clinical experiences should be correlated with a more detailed classification of the gliomas than is customary.
1972 Oxford Times 26 May 6/7 Mr R. Gye, consultant neurosurgeon, explained the many uses to which the blanket could be put.
1904 Alienist & Neurologist XXV. 404 (heading) *Neurosurgery. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by intraneural injections of osmic acid.
1937 Surgery I. 132 With the later days of Victor Horsley in England and the early days of Harvey Cushing in America, neurosurgery may truly be said to have been born.
1966 Lancet 24 Dec. 1400/1 A speciality like neuro-surgery requires an extra year's training.
1932 Glasgow Med. Jrnl. CXVIII. 137 (heading)The work of a *neuro-surgical clinic.
1955 A. Huxley Let. 25 Sept. (1969) 767Penfield says, absence of evidence, in the present state of neurosurgical knowledge, proves nothing.
1974 Nature 13 Dec. 582/2 Recordings of unit activity during neurosurgical operations have demonstrated neuronal activity in cortex and subcortical structures.
[ 1877Med. Times &Gaz. 10 Nov. 511/1Nerve-syphilis appears to affect with preference those persons in whom there is the neuropathic constitution. ]
1878 Boston Med. & SurgicalJrnl. XCVIII. 278*Neuro-Syphilis.—As nervous diseases of syphilitic origin are more amenable to treatment than the corresponding idiopathic ones, a correct diagnosis may at times be sufficient to save a life otherwise lost.
1915 Ibid. CLXXIII. 996/1 (heading)The significance of changes in cellular content of cerebrospinal fluid in neurosyphilis.
1946 Nature 17 Aug. 243/2 Penicillin sodium in saline solution is effective to a greater or lesser degree in all aspects of neurosyphilis studied.
1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xiii. 6/1In all forms of neurosyphilis the results of treatment depend on the number of neurones already destroyed.
1877 Med. Times &Gaz. 10 Nov. 511/1*Neuro-syphilitic affections belong generally to the later portions of the secondary stage, or to the tertiary period of the complaint.
1918 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 28 Sept. 1023/2We can..control the majority of the early infections of the fluid and greatly limit the number of neurosyphilitics in the future. [ cerebrospinal]
1921 Ibid. 2 July 3/2In eight of the twenty-one neurosyphilitic partners the type of neurosyphilis was the same as in the original patient.
1954 D. Nabarro Congenital Syphilis viii. 282Unless neurosyphilis is actively sought by routine C.S.F. investigations upon patients, many neurosyphilitics will be overlooked.
1972 Afr. Jrnl. Med. Sci. III. 195Cases..diagnosed as neurosyphilitic on clinical grounds should be given the benefit of adequate penicillin therapy.
1901 Gray's Anat. (ed. 15)(heading) [ 52] Organ of Golgi (*neuro-tendinous spindle) from the human tendo Achillis.
1920 S. W. Ranson Anat. NervousSyst. v. 72Somewhat analogous structures are the neurotendinous end organs or tendon spindles where myelinated nerve-fibers end in relation to specialized tendon fasciculi. [ to the neuromuscular end organs]
1962 E. C. Crosby et al. CorrelativeAnat. NervousSyst. ii. 87/2The dendritic endings may be of neuromuscular or neurotendinous type (that is, muscle spindles or tendon spindles).
1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2280. 574A strongly *neurotoxic poison such as cobra venom.
1949 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. XCI. 339Only such procedures as bear specifically on the comparative *neurotoxicity of this drug for various animals will be set forth here.
1959 Arch. Internat. de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie CXXII. 98Rats on a diet deficient in pyridoxine developed signs of neurotoxicity when administered IDPN.
1968 W. C. Bowman et al.Textbk. Pharmacol. xxviii. 722All of the potent compounds which cause neurotoxicity are inhibitors of butyryl cholinesterase.
1971 Nature 20 Aug. 525/2 Between them the two proteins manifest ferocious neurotoxicity.
1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2154. 920Enriquet and Sicard with *neurotoxin. [ deal]
1948 de Robertis & Schmitt in Jrnl. Cellular &Compar. Physiol. XXXI. 3Although unequivocal proof of the structure of the fibers cannot yet be given, the available evidence is consistent with the view that they are tubular, possessing a thin wall of relatively high electron density and a core of low density. To facilitate description they will be called ‘*neurotubules’.
1969 Nature 15 Nov. 710/1 The chief axoplasmic components, extending beyond the neurone cell body, are neurofilaments and neurotubules.
1970 P. A. Weiss in F. O. Schmitt Neurosciences: 2nd Study Program lxxiii. 845/2In contrast to the straight neurotubules, the neurofilaments, 70–100 Ångström units in diameter, show a more wavy course.
1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 570An aboral stem, generally jointed and containing a *neuro-vascular apparatus.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 609A certain disposition to nutritive disturbance, or even neuro-vascular tension.
1961 Lancet 23 Sept. 717/2 The Cox strains..exhibit a much higher level of monkey *neurovirulence.
1973 Nature 26 Jan. 248/2 The vaccine was used on a limited scale but was withdrawn after Dick had claimed that he had detected a reversion to neurovirulence.
neuro-
before vowels neur-, word-forming element meaning "pertaining to a nerve or nerves or the nervous system," from Greek neuro-, comb. form of neuron "nerve," originally "sinew, tendon, cord, bowstring," also "strength, vigor," from PIE *(s)neu- "tendon, sinew" (see nerve).
ORIGIN: from Greek neuron nerve: see -o-
neuro-
combining form. nerve; nerve tissue; nervous system: Neurology = study of the nervous system. Also, neur- before vowels.
[< Greek neûron nerve]
neu·ro-
\in pronunciations below, | ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷|n(y)ü(ˌ)rō or |n(y)u̇rō or |n(y)u̇rə\
— see neur-
— see neur-
neuro-
Prefix
- Forming compound words relating to nerves, nerve tissue, or the nervous system.
Etymology
From Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combining form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).
Derived terms
English words prefixed with neuro-