词汇 -ing

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-ing 1
suff.（后缀）

Used to form the present participle of verbs:
用于形成动词的现在分词：
seeing.
seeing
Used to form adjectives resembling present participles but not derived from verbs:
用于形成一种形容词，其形状与现在分词相似但不是由动词变形而来：
swashbuckling.
虚张声势

语源

Middle English
中古英语
alteration influenced by -inge [noun or gerund suff.] * see -ing ²
受 -inge的影响 [名词或动名词的后缀] *参见 -ing²
of -ende, -inde
-ende的变化, -inde
from Old English -ende [present participle suff.]
源自古英语 -ende [现在分词的后缀]

-ing 2
suff.（后缀）

Action, process, or art:
动作、过程或行为：
dancing.
舞蹈
An instance of an action, a process, or an act:
动作、过程或行动的实例：
a gathering.
聚会

An action or a process connected with a specified thing:
与特定某物有关的动作或过程：
berrying.
采集果物

Something necessary to perform an action or a process:
要进行一个动作或过程所必需的东西：
mooring.
系泊设备
The result of an action or a process:
一个动作或过程的结果：
a drawing.
绘画作品
Something connected with a specified thing or concept:
与某个事物或概念有关的东西：
siding; offing.
偏袒；距离

语源

Middle English
中古英语
from Old English -ung, -ing
源自古英语 -ung, -ing

-ing 3
suff.（后缀）

One having a specified quality or nature:
具有某个特别的品质或本质的东西：
wilding.
野生植物

语源

Middle English
中古英语
from Old English [belonging to, descended from]
源自古英语 [属于，从…下降]

-ing¹

suffix forming nouns

(from verbs) the action of, process of, result of, or something connected with the verb

⇒ coming

⇒ meeting

⇒ a wedding

⇒ winnings

(from other nouns) something used in, consisting of, involving, etc

⇒ tubing

⇒ soldiering

(from other parts of speech) ⇒ an outing

Origin

Old English -ing, -ung

-ing²

suffix

forming the present participle of verbs

⇒ walking

⇒ believing

forming participial adjectives

⇒ a growing boy

⇒ a sinking ship

forming adjectives not derived from verbs

⇒ swashbuckling

Origin

Middle English -ing, -inde, from Old English -ende

-ing³

suffix forming nouns

a person or thing having a certain quality or being of a certain kind

⇒ sweeting

⇒ whiting

Origin

Old English -ing; related to Old Norse -ingr

-ing¹

Word Origin

a suffix of nouns formed from verbs, expressing the action of the verb or its result, product, material, etc. (the art of building; a new building; cotton wadding). It is also used to form nouns from words other than verbs (offing; shirting). Verbal nouns ending in -ing are often used attributively (the printing trade) and in forming compounds (drinking song). In some compounds (sewing machine), the first element might reasonably be regarded as the participial adjective, -ing², the compound thus meaning “a machine that sews,” but it is commonly taken as a verbal noun, the compound being explained as “a machine for sewing.”.

Compare -ing².

Origin

Middle English; Old English -ing, -ung

-ing²

a suffix forming the present participle of verbs (walking; thinking), such participles being often used as participial adjectives: warring factions.

Compare -ing¹.

Origin

Middle English -ing, -inge; the variant -in (usually represented in spelling as -inʾ) continues Middle English -inde, -ende, Old English -ende

Pronunciation note

The common suffix -ing² can be pronounced in modern English as either [‐ing] /‐ɪŋ/ or [‐in] /‐ɪn/ with either the velar nasal consonant [ng] /ŋ/ symbolized in IPA as [ŋ], or the alveolar nasal consonant [n] /n/ symbolized in IPA as [n]. The [‐in] /‐ɪn/ pronunciation therefore reflects the use of one nasal as against another and not, as is popularly supposed, “dropping the g, ” since no actual g -sound is involved.

Many speakers use both pronunciations, depending on the speed of utterance and the relative formality of the occasion, with [‐ing] /‐ɪŋ/ considered the more formal variant. For some educated speakers, especially in the southern United States and Britain, [‐in] /‐ɪn/ is in fact the more common pronunciation, while for other educated speakers, [‐ing] /‐ɪŋ/ is common in virtually all circumstances. In response to correction from perceived authorities, many American speakers who would ordinarily use [‐in] /‐ɪn/ at least some of the time make a conscious effort to say [‐ing] /‐ɪŋ/ even in informal circumstances.

-ing³

a native English suffix meaning “one belonging to,” “of the kind of,” “one descended from,” and sometimes having a diminutive force, formerly used in the formation of nouns: farthing; shilling; bunting; gelding; whiting.

Compare -ling¹.

Origin

Middle English, Old English -ing, cognate with Old Norse -ingr, -ungr, Gothic -ings

Related Words

becoming
beginning
clipping
coming
cooking
cracking

-ingI.

a suffix of nouns formed from verbs, expressing the action of the verb or its result, product, material, etc., as in the art of building, a new building, cotton wadding. It is also used to form nouns from words other than verbs, as in offing, shirting. Verbal nouns ending in -ing are often used attributively, as in the printing trade, and in composition, as in drinking song. In some compounds, as sewing machine, the first element might reasonably be regarded as the participial adjective (see -ing²), the compound thus meaning 'a machine that sews', but it is commonly taken as a verbal noun, the compound being explained as 'a machine for sewing'.

[Middle English -ing, Old English -ing, -ung]

II.

a suffix forming the present participle of verbs, such participles often being used as adjectives (participial adjectives), as in warring factions. Compare -ing¹.

[Middle English -ing, -inge; replacing Middle English -inde, -ende, Old English -ende]

-ing

\\\\iŋ also ēŋ; in some dialects & in other dialects informally in, ən also ēn; after certain consonants ^ən, ^əm, ^əŋ\\\\ noun suffix

ETYMOLOGY Middle English, from Old English -ung, -ing, suffix forming nouns from verbs; akin to Old High German -ung, suffix forming nouns from verbs

1. action or process
    running
    sleeping
: instance of an action or process
    a meeting
2.
  a. product or result of an action or process
      an engraving
  — often in plural
      earnings
  b. something used in an action or process
      a bed covering
      the lining of a coat
3. action or process connected with (a specified thing)
    boating
4. something connected with, consisting of, or used in making (a specified thing)
    scaffolding
    shirting
5. something related to (a specified concept)
    offing

noun suffix

ETYMOLOGY Middle English, from Old English -ing, -ung; akin to Old High German -ing one of a (specified) kind

: one of a (specified) kind
sweeting

III

verb suffix or adjective suffix

ETYMOLOGY Middle English, probably from -ing (I)

— used to form the present participle
    sailing
and sometimes to form an adjective resembling a present participle but not derived from a verb
    swashbuckling
Usage.
  Though the pronunciation of -ing with the consonant \\\\\\\, misleadingly referred to as “dropping the g,” is often deprecated, this pronunciation is frequently heard. It is not known for certain why the Middle English present participle ending -ende was replaced by -ing. Analogy with the earlier noun suffix -ing probably had something to do with it. In early Modern English, present participles were regularly formed with -ing pronounced \\\\iŋg\\\\ (as can still be heard in a few dialects) and later \\\\iŋ\\\\. Evidence also shows that some speakers used \\\\in\\\\ and by the 18th century this pronunciation became widespread. Though teachers (with some success) campaigned against it, \\\\in\\\\ remained a feature of the speech of many of the best speakers in Britain and the United States well into the 20th century. It has by now lost its respectability, at least when attention is drawn to it, but throughout the United States it persists largely unnoticed and in some dialects it predominates over \\\\iŋ\\\\.

-ing¹

/ɪŋ/

suffix

denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its result 表示“动作（或动作过程、动作结果）”：: fighting

outing

building.

■ denoting a verbal action relating to an occupation, skill, etc. 表示“与职业、技能等有关的动作”：: banking

ice skating

welding.

denoting material used for or associated with a process etc. 表示“某一过程使用的材料”, “与某一过程相关的材料”：: cladding

piping.

■ denoting something involved in an action or process but with no corresponding verb 表示“与某一动作（或过程）有关的东西（无相应动词）”：: sacking.

forming the gerund of verbs (such as painting as in I love painting) ［构成动词的动名词, 如I love painting 中的 painting］。

词源

Old English -ung, -ing, of Germanic origin.

-ing²

/ɪŋ/

suffix

forming the present participle of verbs ［构成动词的现在分词］：: doing

calling.

■ forming present participles used as adjectives ［构成用作形容词的现在分词］：: charming.

forming adjectives from nouns ［构成来自名词的形容词］：: hulking.

词源

Middle English: alteration of earlier -ende, later -inde.

-ing³

/ɪŋ/

suffix

(used especially in names of coins and fractional parts) a thing belonging to or having the quality of ［尤用于硬币和分部名称］表示“属于…的东西”, “有…性质的东西”：: farthing

riding.

词源

Old English, of Germanic origin.

▪ I.-ing¹suffix forming verbal derivatives, originally abstract nouns of action, but subsequently developed in various directions: OE. -ung, -ing = OFris. -unge, -enge, -inge, OS. -unga (MLG. and MDu. -inge, Du. -ing), OHG. -unga, -ung (MHG. -unge, Ger. -ung), ON. -ung and -ing; not known in Gothic:—OTeut. type *-uŋgā (and ? *-iŋgā) str. fem.; not identified outside Teutonic. In OE. the more usual form was -ung (inflected -unge), but -ing also was frequent, esp. in derivatives from original ja- verbs (see Cosijn, Altwests. Gramm. ii. 21, 22). In early ME., -ung rapidly died out, being scarcely found after 1250, and -ing (in early ME. -inge) became the regular form. In later ME., -yng was a frequent scribal variant.1. The original function of the suffix was to form nouns of action; as ácsung asking, from ácsian to ask, bíding, bodung preaching, boding, céapung, -ing cheaping, cíding, -ung chiding, créopung creeping, ębbung ebbing, féding feeding, gaderung gathering. These substantives were originally abstract; but even in OE. they often came to express a completed action, a process, habit, or art, as blętsung, -ing blessing, leornung learning, tídung tidings, weddung betrothal, wedding, and then admitted a plural; sometimes they became concrete, as in bedding, eardung dwelling, offrung offering, rynning rennet, earning³. During the ME. period all these uses received greater development, and in the 14th c. the formation became established, esp. in the gerundial use (see 2 below), as an actual or possible derivative of every verb. By later extension, formations of the same kind have been analogically made from substantives (see c, g, below), and, by ellipsis, from adverbs, as innings, offing, outing, homing (homecoming); while nonce-words in -ing are formed freely on words or phrases of many kinds, e.g. oh-ing, hear-hearing, hoo-hooing, pshawing, yo-hoing (calling oh!, hear! hear!, etc.), how-d'ye-doing (saying ‘how do you do?’); ‘I do not believe in all this pinting’ (having pints of beer).In current use, verbal substantives in -ing may be grouped, as to their sense, under the following heads:a. Nouns of continuous action or existence, as crying, falling, flying, kicking, living, pushing, running, sleeping, speaking, striking, etc. They are distinguished from verbal ns. of the same form as the verb-stem, as a cry, a fall, a kick, a push, a run, a shout, a sleep, etc., in that the latter denote acts of momentary or short duration, having a definite beginning and end, and grammatically take a and pl., while the ns. in -ing imply indefinite duration without reference to beginning or end, and take no plural. Cf. ‘a loud cry’, ‘many repeated cries’, with ‘loud and continued crying’. A push is done at once, but may be repeated as many pushes; pushing is continuous, there may be ‘much’, but not ‘many’ of it.b. The notion of action may be limited to that of a single or particular occasion, as a christening, a wedding, a meeting, a sitting, a merry-making, an outing. As thus used, the n. takes a plural: ‘three long sittings’.c. The notion of simple action passes insensibly into that of a process, practice, habit, or art, which may or may not be regarded as in actual exercise; e.g. ‘reading and writing are now common acquirements’; so drawing, engraving, fencing, smoking, swimming. Words of this kind are also formed directly from ns. which are the names of things used, or persons engaged, in the action: such are ballooning, blackberrying, canalling, chambering, cocking (cock-fighting), fowling, gardening, hopping (hop-picking), hurting (gathering hurts), nooning, nutting, sniping, buccaneering, costering, soldiering, and the like.d. Hence often transferred to the concrete or material accompaniment or product of the action or process, as ‘the paper was covered with writing’; so binding, blacking, dripping, dubbing, lightning, sewing, stitching, etc.e. Hence as the designation of a material thing in which the action or its result is concreted or embodied; as ‘a writing was affixed to the wall’; so a covering, holding, landing, shaving, winding (of a river), etc. A peculiar instance is a being, one wherein the attribute of being or existence is exemplified, now usually a living being.f. Often used as the collective designation of the substance or material employed in an action or process, as clothing, that with which one is clothed; so bedding, carpeting, ceiling, edging, flooring, gearing, gilding, housing, lining, rigging, roofing, shipping, tackling, tiling, trimming, etc.g. In the preceding group, there is often a n. of the same form as the verb, with which the noun in -ing comes to be closely associated, as in bed, bedding; clothes, clothing; floor, flooring; rail, railing; ship, shipping, etc. Hence arise formations in -ing from substantives without a corresponding verb; esp. in industrial and commercial language, with the sense of a collection or indefinite mass of the thing or of its material; as ashlaring, coping, cornicing, costering, girdering, piping, scaffolding, tubing; bagging, quilting, sacking, sheeting, shirting, ticking, trousering.h. In some words the concrete sense appears exclusively, or preferentially, in the plural -ings: e.g. earnings, leavings, sweepings, tidings; hangings, innings, moorings, trappings.Other exceptional or irregular uses of -ing are discussed under the individual words.The vbl. n. in -ing often forms the second element in a compound. The first element may be a qualifying adv. which in the finite tenses of the vb. formerly stood either before or after it, but in the vbl. ns. and adjs. regularly preceded, and thus came to be united with these: thus, from out go or go out came out going, now out-going or outgoing. So down-sitting, in-being, in-dwelling, off-scouring, up-rising, well-being. The first element may also be a n., the direct, indirect, or adverbial object of the verb, as book-keeping, child-bearing, glass-blowing, house-keeping, sheep-shearing, sea-faring, hand-writing, type-writing, or merely = a subjective genitive, as cock-crowing, sun-rising.The vbl. n. often stands in an attributive relation to another n., as in the building trade = the trade of building, drawing materials = materials for drawing, singing lessons = lessons in singing; when such expressions form established designations, they are regularly hyphened, and pronounced with the stress on the first element, as in breeding-place, carving-knife, dancing-master, dwelling-house, fowling-piece, laughing-stock, meeting-house, reaping-hook, stumbling-block, spinning-wheel, thanksgiving-day, turning-lathe, walking-stick, etc. But, when the collocation is only occasional, and the vbl. n. stands in a simple attributive relation to the following n., it approaches in function to an adjective, and is liable to be confounded with the pres. pple. (-ing²) used adjectivally. The sense generally determines the nature of the collocation; thus, drawing lessons are not lessons that draw, but lessons in drawing; a fainting fit, not a fit that faints, but a fit of fainting; a drinking cup, not a cup that drinks, but a cup for drinking with. A walking-leaf is a leaf (so-called) that walks; a walking-stick is a stick for walking. But in some cases in which the second element denotes a machine, agency, or agent, it is difficult to say whether the word in -ing is the vbl. n. used attributively, or the present pple. used adjectivally, e.g. a cutting tool, a bursting charge, an advertising agency. In accordance with general analogy, such combinations are, as a rule, treated in this dictionary as attrib. uses of the vbl. n.2. The most notable development of the vbl. n. in -ing is its use as a gerund, i.e. a substantive with certain verbal functions, particularly those of being qualified by an adverb instead of an adjective, and of governing an object like a verb: e.g. the habit of speaking loosely (= loose speaking); he has hopes of coming back speedily (= a speedy return); he practises writing (= the writing of) leading articles; engaged in building himself a house (= the building of a house for himself); after having written a letter (= the completion of the writing of a letter).This gerundial use is peculiar to English, of which it is a characteristic and most important feature; it was unknown to OE. and early ME.The first traces of it as yet pointed out (see R. Blume Ursprung und Entwickelung des Gerundiums im Englischen, Bremen 1880) occur c 1340 in the Ayenbite of Inwit and in the writings of Richard Rolle of Hampole, in the separation of the adv. in downcoming, downfalling, ingoing, etc., and the placing of it after the vbl. n., coming down, falling down, going in, as in the finite verb, come down, fall down, go in. This was soon extended to adverbs and adverbial phrases generally, so that it became established that any vbl. n. could, like the vb. to which it belonged, take an adverbial qualification. In other respects the vbl. n. at first retained its n. construction, e.g. c1350Hampole Prose Tr. (E.E.T.S.) 11 ‘all manere of withdraweynge of oþer men thynges wrangwysely agaynes þaire wyll þat aghte it’.A generation later, the vbl. n. is found with a verbal regimen, thus1377Langland P. Pl. B. xiv. 186 ‘Confessioun and knowlechyng and crauyng þy mercy Shulde amende vs’; Ibid. xix. 72 ‘with-outen mercy askynge’. This gerundial construction is very frequent in Wyclif's Bible (1382); and it is significant that he regularly uses it in translating the Latin gerund, while he retains the original substantival construction in rendering a Latin n. of action. Thus, Exod. xix. 1 ‘the thridde moneth of the goyng of Yrael out [egressionis] of the loond of Egipte’; but Heb. xii. 10 ‘in receyuynge [recipiendo] the halowing of him’; Mark iii. 15 ‘power of heelynge [curandi] siknessis, and of castynge out [ejiciendi] fendis’. Imitation of the L. gerund was thus app. an influential factor in the development of the Eng. gerundial use of the vbl. n. Another influence may have been the literal rendering of the Fr. gerund (identical in form with the pr. pple.) after en, as in en venant, L. in veniendo, in coming.The full development of the gerundial use before 1400 led necessarily to an indefinite increase of vbl. ns. in -ing, since every verb now had one as an actual or potential dependent. In conjunction with the formal identity of gerund and pres. pple. (see -ing²), it led also, at a later date, to the introduction of gerundial expressions for the perfect and future tenses, and for the passive voice, coinciding in form with the pples. of the same tenses and voices. Thus Sidney Arcadia i. (1725) 68 ‘want of consideration in not having demanded thus much’; Spenser F.Q. iii. iv. 50 ‘feare of being fowly shent’; Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. xi. §2 ‘by being unto God united’; Shakes. Two Gent. i. iii. 16 ‘in hauing knowne no trauaile in his youth’; Tempest iii. i. 19 ‘'T will weepe for hauing wearied you’; Mod. ‘The news of his being about to return home, instead of having been slain by the enemy’.But, although the gerundial use was fully established by 1400, it was a long time before it was distinctly separated from the earlier substantival use. The vbl. n. has the (or equivalent) before it, and of (or equivalent) after it; the gerund has neither. A good example of the two constructions side by side, and with identical sense, occurs in Bacon's third Essay: ‘Concerning the Meanes of procuring Unity: Men must beware, that in the procuring..of Religious Unity, they doe not’, etc. But, down to the 17th c., mixed constructions were frequent, in which the word in -ing had an adjectival qualification with a verbal regimen, or, conversely, an adverbial qualification with the construction of a n. followed by of: thus Sidney Arcadia i. iv. 15 b, ‘to fall to a sodain straitning them’; Ibid. i. xii. 56 b, ‘by the well choosing of your commandements’.The gerund still retains one feature of the vbl. n., viz. that of admitting of a preceding possessive case or possessive pronoun, as in ‘after John's behaving so strangely’, ‘upon my readily granting it’. In the literary language this construction is regularly retained with a pronoun, and very generally with a single personal substantive; but, with names of things, and phraseological or involved denominations, the sign of the possessive began to be dropped already by 1600; thus Shakes. Macbeth i. iii. 44 ‘By each at once her choppie finger laying Vpon her skinnie lips’. No other treatment is now possible in such constructions as ‘in default of one or other being accepted’, ‘on the general and his staff appearing’, ‘in the event of your expectations not being at once realized’, ‘in consequence of much snow having fallen’; and, in current spoken English, the 's is commonly omitted with all nouns: thus Thackeray Van. Fair xi. ⁋48 ‘I insist upon Miss Sharp appearing’, where ‘Miss Sharp's’ would now sound pedantic or archaic. Even a pronoun standing before the gerund is put in the objective, in dialect speech; and, when the pronoun is emphatic, this is common in ordinary colloquial English; thus Thackeray Esmond I. 242 ‘Papa did not care about them learning’; ― Newcomes ‘But who ever heard of them eating an owl?’ Chas. Reade Hard Cash (1863) II. 332 ‘That is no excuse for him beating you.’ So ‘What is the use of me speaking?’In such constructions the objective n. or pronoun seems to stand in simple apposition to the gerund, the two forming a kind of combined object of the preposition, reminding us of the Greek infinitive with an accusative after a prep., as in µετὰ τὸ παραδοθῆναι τὸν Ιωάννην, ‘after John being delivered up’. But in Eng. there has probably been analogical influence from the construction of the pres. pple.: cf., for instance, ‘John was digging potatoes’, ‘Who saw John digging potatoes?’, and ‘Who ever heard of John (= John's) digging potatoes?’3. In a few ME. writers, esp. in Wyclif, the form in -inge, -ynge, also appears for the Dative Infinitive, OE. -enne, ME. -ene, -en. Thus Luke xxii. 23 ‘who it was of hem that was to doynge [facturus] this thing.’ John vi. 72 ‘this was to bitraiynge [traditurus] him.’ In its origin this is a case of phonetic confusion; the OE. -enne, confounded with -ende, had, like the pres. pple. (see -ing²), passed through -inde to -inge, -ynge.But it is possible that Wyclif, in using this form to render the L. future participle, actually identified it in sense with the gerund, understanding the first quotation above as if = ‘who it was of them that was [destined] to the doing of this thing’, which he contracted to the gerundial construction ‘to doynge this thing’.▪ II.-ing²suffix of the present participle, and of adjs. thence derived, or so formed; an alteration of the original OE. -ende = OFris., OS. -and, OHG. -ant-i (-ent-i, -ont-i, MHG. -end-e, Ger. -end), ON. -and-i (Sw. -ande, Da. -ende), Goth. -and-s, -and-a, = L. -ent-, Gr. -οντ-, Skr. -ant-.Already, in later OE., the ppl. -ende was often weakened to -inde, and this became the regular Southern form of the ending in Early ME. From the end of the 12th c. there was a growing tendency to confuse -inde, phonetically or scribally, with -inge; this confusion is specially noticeable in MSS. written by Anglo-Norman scribes in the 13th c. The final result was the predominance of the form -inge, and its general substitution for -inde in the 14th c., although in some works, as the Kentish Ayenbite of 1340, the pple. still regularly has -inde. In Midland English -ende is frequent in Gower, and occasional in Midland writers for some time later; but the southern -inge, -ynge, -ing, favoured by Chaucer, Hoccleve, and Lydgate, soon spread over the Midland area, and became the Standard English form. The Northern dialect, on the other hand, in England and Scotland, retained the earlier ending in the form -ande, -and, strongly contrasted with the verbal n. in -yng, -ing (-yne, -ene). At the present day the two are completely distinct in Northumberland and the Southern Counties of Scotland, although the general mutescence of final d, and the change of |-ɪŋ| to |-ɪn|, make the difference in most cases only a vowel one: e.g. ‘a singan' burd’, ‘the singin |-ɪn| o' the burds’, but ‘a gaan bairn’ (a going child), ‘afore gangin' hame’.As -inge was the proper ending of the vbl. n. (-ing¹), it has naturally suggested itself to many that the levelling of the pres. pple. under the same form must have been the result of some contact or confusion of the functions or constructions of the two formations. But investigation has discovered no trace of any such functional or constructional contact in Early ME.; and it is now generally agreed that the confusion was, in its origin, entirely phonetic. On the other hand, the fact that the forms had, by the 14th c., become identical, may have been a factor in the development of the gerundial use of the vbl. n., which began then; and it has certainly influenced the subsequent development of the compound gerundial forms being made, having made, having been made, being about to go, etc., which have the same form as the corresponding participles (see -ing¹ 2). The identity of form of pr. pple. and gerund probably also assisted the process whereby, at a later date, such a construction as ‘the king went a-hunting’, formerly ‘on or an huntinge’, was shortened to ‘the king went hunting’, the last word being then taken as the participle; and thus to the shortening of ‘the ark was a-building’, orig. ‘on building’, to ‘the ark was building’,—in which, if ‘building’ is taken as a pple., it must be explained as a pple. pass. = being built. To the same cause must be ascribed some of the current constructions of the gerund, and the tendency of the vbl. n. when used attributively to run together with the pr. pple. used adjectivally, as in cutting tools, a driving wheel (see -ing¹).The termination -ing is that of the pres. pple., whether used as part of the verb, or adjectivally; also of adjectives of participial origin or nature, as cunning, willing, daring, buccaneering, freebooting, non-juring, hulking, lumping, strapping, swingeing, and of prepositions or adverbs of participial origin, as concerning, during, excepting, notwithstanding, pending, touching.As with the vbl. n. (-ing¹), words of participial form and use may be formed on other parts of speech, or on phrases, e.g. buccaneering adventurers, sailors yo-hoing lustily, how-d'ye-doing acquaintances.▪ III.-ing³a suffix forming derivative masculine ns., with the sense of ‘one belonging to’ or ‘of the kind of’, hence ‘one possessed of the quality of’, and also as a patronymic = ‘one descended from, a son of’, and as a diminutive. Found in the same form, or as -ung, in the other Teutonic langs. OE. examples are æþeling atheling, cyning king, lytling little one, child, flýming fugitive, hóring whoremonger; also the patronymics æþelwulfing son of æthelwulf, Ecgbrehting, Cerdicing, Wodening, etc. (OE. Chron. anno 855), Adaming, etc. (Lindisf. Gosp. Luke iii. 38), and the gentile names Hoccingas, Iclingas, Centingas (men of Kent), with the Scriptural Gomorringas, Moabitingas, Idumingas, etc. This suffix also formed names of coins, as pending, penning penny, scilling shilling, and of fractional parts, as feorþing quarter, farthing, teoðung, -ing tenth, tithing: so ON. þriðjung-r third part, thriding riding (of Yorkshire).Among words of various ages with this suffix are bretheling, bunting, gelding, golding, herring, hilding, sweeting, whiting, wilding. See also the compound suffix -ling (-l + -ing).

-ing

suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product, material, etc., from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *unga (cognates: Old Norse -ing, Dutch -ing, German -ung). Originally used to form nouns from verbs and to denote completed or habitual action. Its use has been greatly expanded in Middle and Modern English.

suffix used form the present participle of verbs, from Old English -ende (cognates: German -end, Gothic -and, Sanskrit -ant, Greek -on, Latin -ans). It evolved into -ing in 13c.-14c.

-ing

1. [Adjective] activity:

cohering

2. [Verb] present participle:

depicting

3. [Noun] material made for, activity, result of an activity:

flooring, swimming, building

1. suffix¹ | 2. suffix² | 3. suffix³

1
-ing /ɪŋ/ suffix¹. OE.

ORIGIN: Old English -ung, -ing = Old Saxon -unga (Middle Low German, Middle Dutch -inge, Dutch -ing), Old High German -unga, -ung (Middle High German -unge, German -ung), Old Norse -ung, -ing.

1.Forming nouns usu. from verbs, occas. by analogy from nouns or adverbs, denoting (a) verbal action, as fighting, swearing, blackberrying, or an instance of it, an act (with pl. -ings), as wedding, outing; also, an occupation or skill, as banking, fencing, glassblowing; (b) (sometimes usu. in pl.) a thing resulting from or produced by an action or process, as building, carving, earnings; also, a thing involved in an action or process, as covering; (c) the material, substance, or things involved in an action or process, as bedding, clothing, flooring, washing; freq. from nouns without any corresp. verb, as sacking, scaffolding.

2.Forming the gerund of verbs, i.e. a noun which is a distinct part of the verb and retains certain of its functions, esp. those of governing an obj. and being qualified by an adverb instead of by an adjective, as I love reading poetry (= the reading of poetry); after having written a letter (= after the completion of writing a letter); the habit of speaking loosely (= loose speaking). Developed from 1, initially perh. partly in imit. of the Latin gerund, in the late 14th cent.; not found in other Germanic langs.

2
-ing /ɪŋ/ suffix².

ORIGIN: Alt. of Old English -ende = Latin -ent-, Greek -ont-, Sanskrit -ant-.

Forming the pres. pple of verbs; freq. in adjectives of ppl origin or force, as charming, cunning, willing (and occas. in adjectives formed from nouns in imitation of these, as hulking); also in prepositions and adverbs of ppl origin, as during, notwithstanding.

3
-ing /ɪŋ/ suffix³. OE.

ORIGIN: Old English from Germanic: cf. -ling¹.

Forming derivative masc. nouns with the sense ‘one belonging to or of the kind of’, hence as patronymics or diminutives, as atheling, farthing, gelding, sweeting.

-ing ⇒ Main Entry: suffix

-ing¹

suffix forming nouns chiefly from verbs.

the act of a person or thing that _____s: Painting = the act of one that paints.

the product or result of such an act, as in a drawing, a painting.

a thing that _____s: Lining = a thing that lines.

newline="yes"action, result, product, material, etc., of some other part of speech, as in lobstering, offing, shirting, overcoating.

of those who _____: Smoking habit = the habit of a person who smokes. Printing trade = the trade of persons who print.

[Middle English -ing, earlier -ung, Old English -ing, -ung]

-ing²

suffix forming the present participle of verbs, as in going, talking, raining, staying.

suffix forming adjectives from verbs. that _____s: Lasting happiness = happiness that lasts. Growing child = a child that grows.

[Middle English -ing, variant of -ind, -end, Old English -ende]

UsageThe substitution of -n for -ng in the termination of the present participle and the gerund is very old. The frequency and the acceptability of this type of pronunciation in former centuries is attested by rhymes like pursuing: ruin, willing: villain, which may be found, even in serious poetry, from the time of Shakespeare to that of Wordsworth and Tennyson. In the 1800’s the pronunciation came to be viewed with disfavor because it did not accord with the spelling, and since then has been steadily receding in the speech of the educated. Even today, however, it survives to some extent in cultivated conversational speech throughout the English-speaking world. In the United States it is particularly common in the South and New England.

-ing
I. \iŋ, ēŋ, ə̇n, ēn after any sound; after t (but usually not when f, k, p, or s precedes) & after d (but usually not when l or n precedes), ^ən; after k (but usually not when s precedes) or g, sometimes ^əŋ; after p, b, or v (the v assimilating to b), sometimes ^əm as in ˈräb^əm for “robbing” or ˈmüb^əm for “moving”; in rapid speech, often ŋ or n after ē, ā, ī, or ȯi as in ˈsāŋ or ˈsān for “saying”; in NewEng often with intrusive r preceding when ȯ is the last sound in the infinitive form as in ˈdrȯriŋ or ˈdrȯrin for “drawing”; some have ŋ as their only consonant in this suffix & regard any other consonant as inelegant or substandard; some use consonants other than ŋ chiefly in informal speech; some use consonants other than ŋ for all styles of speech & of these some regard ŋ as artificial; for economy of space, ŋ is usually the only consonant shown for the suffix -ing in entries in this dictionary\ verb suffix or adjective suffix
Etymology: Middle English -inge, -ing, alteration (influenced by -inge -ing (III)) of -inde, -ende, from Old English -ende, from -e- (vowel historically belonging to the verb stem) + -nde, present participle suffix — more at -ant
— used to form the present participle
< going >
< sailing >
and sometimes to form an adjective resembling a present participle but not derived from a verb
< hulking >
< swashbuckling >
regularly accompanied by omission of final postconsonantal e of the base word
< hoping >
< loving >
change of final ie of the base word to y
< tying >
or doubling of the final consonant of the base word immediately after a short stressed vowel
< hopping >
< planning >
II. noun suffix
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English -ing, -ung one of a (specified) kind, one belonging to, one descended from; akin to Old High German -ing one of a (specified) kind, one belonging to, one descended from, Old Norse -ingr, -ungr, Gothic -ings one of a (specified) kind
: one of a (specified) kind
< sweeting >
< wilding >
III. noun suffix
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English -inge, -ing (in early Middle English a suffix forming nouns from verbs, in later Middle English becoming also a gerundial suffix), from Old English -ung, -ing, suffix forming nouns from verbs; akin to Old High German -unga, -ung, suffix forming nouns from verbs, Old Norse -ing, suffix forming nouns from verbs, -ung, suffix forming nouns from nouns
1. : action or process
< becoming >
< drawing >
< running >
< sleeping >
< washing >
: instance of an action or process
< a blessing >
< a meeting >
< my comings and goings >
— in nouns formed from any fully inflected verb and functioning either as gerunds capable of being modified by an adverb and capable of having an object if the base verb is transitive
< after casually reading the letter twice >
or as ordinary nouns
< after two casual readings of the letter >
2. : something connected with an action or process:
a. : product, accompaniment, or result of an action or process
  < an engraving >
  < a painting >
— in nouns formed from verbs; often in plural
  < earnings >
  < leavings >
  < shavings >
b. : something used in an action or process
  < a bed covering >
  < the lining of a coat >
— in nouns, especially collectives
  < carpeting >
  < housing >
  < rigging >
  < shipping >
formed from verbs
3. : action or process connected with (a specified thing)
< blackberrying >
< capitaling >
— in nouns formed from nouns
4. : something connected with, consisting of, or used in making (a specified thing)
< sacking >
< scaffolding >
< shirting >
— in nouns, especially collectives, formed from nouns
5. : something related to (a specified concept)
< offing >
— in nouns formed from parts of speech other than verbs and nouns; regularly accompanied by omission of final postconsonantal e of the base word, change of final ie of the base word to y, or doubling of the final consonant of the base word immediately after a short stressed vowel

-ing¹
-in', -in (colloquial)

IPA: /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/

(US and Canada, sometimes) IPA: /iːn/, /ɪ̝ŋ/

(US, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)^[1]

(UK, Australia) Homophone: ink (some dialects)

Suffix

Used to form gerunds, a type of verbal nouns, from verbs.

the making of the film; the forging of the sword took several hours of planning, preparation, and metalwork
Used to form uncountable nouns from various parts of speech denoting materials or systems of objects considered collectively.

Roofing is a material that covers a roof.

Piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

Etymology

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō, from Proto-Indo-European *-enkw-. Cognate with West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing (“-ing”) Low German -ink (“-ink”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

Usage notes

If the suffix is applied to a word ending in an voiceless stop such as /p/, /t/, or /k/ (which are normally aspirated in English), the stops are unaspirated.

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) verbs with similar meaning: the activating of the weapon must be stopped vs the activation of the weapon.

Synonyms

(activity): -ery

(collection): -age, -ery

Derived terms

batting

bunting

piping

roofing

siding

ticking

wadding

-ing²

Suffix

Used to form present participles of verbs.

Rolling stones gather no moss.

You are making a mess.

a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

Etymology

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-nt-. Cognate with Dutch -end, German -end, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳 (-and), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

Derived terms

Category:English present participles

-ing³

Suffix

Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as patronymics or diminutives. No longer productive in either sense.

Browning, Channing, Ewing

bunting

shilling

farthing
Having a specifed quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

sweeting

whiting

gelding

Etymology

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr, Gothic -𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-iggs).

Derived terms

atheling

gelding

References

^ Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143

后缀：-ing ①[名词后缀]

1、构成抽象名词，表示行为、状态、情况及其他

learning 学问，学识

feeling 感觉

shopping 买东西

walking 步行，散步

farming 耕作

schooling 教育

teaching 教导

ageing 老化

sleeping 睡眠

swimming 游泳

shipping 装运

broadcasting 广播

2、表示...行业、...学、...术、...法

tailoring 裁缝业

shoemaking 制鞋业

banking 银行业，银行学

accounting 会计学，会计

hairdressing 理发业

bonesetting 正骨法

sailing 航海术，航法

boxing 拳术

3、表示总称及材料（与...有关之物，制...所有的材料）

clothing 衣服

hatting 制帽材料

bedding 床上用品

fleshing 肉色紧身衣

sacking 麻袋布

shirting 衬衫料

bagging 制袋用的材料

coating 上衣衣料

felting 制毡材料

4、表示某种行为的产物，为某种行为而用之物、与某种行为有关之物，与某种事物有关之物

building 建筑物，楼房

carving 雕刻物

holding 占有物

giving 给予物，礼物

colouring 颜料

winning 赢得物，锦标

filling 填充物，填料

legging 护腿，绑腿

footing 立足处，立足点

washing 待洗的衣服

②[形容词后缀]

表示“...的”、“正在...的”、“...着的”、“使...的”

changing 正在变化的

burning 燃烧的

fighting 战斗的

developing 发展中的

rising 上升的

encouraging 振奋人心的

surprising 使人惊讶的

exciting 使人兴奋的

growing 成长中的

falling 下降的

③[构成介词]

excepting 除...之外

regarding 关于

concerning 关于

failing 如果没有

during 在...期间

considering 考虑到，就...而论

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-ing1

suffix forming nouns

Origin

-ing2

suffix

Origin

-ing3

suffix forming nouns

Origin

-ing1

-ing2

-ing3

Related Words

-ing 1-in', -in (colloquial)

Suffix

Etymology

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

See also

-ing 2

Suffix

Etymology

Derived terms

-ing 3

Suffix

Etymology

Derived terms

See also

References

后缀：-ing ①[名词后缀]

-ing¹

-ing²

-ing³

-ing¹

-ing²

-ing³

-ing¹
-in', -in (colloquial)

-ing²

-ing³