un- 1
pref.（前缀）
语源
用法
un- 2
pref.（前缀）
语源
用法
pref.（前缀）
- Not:
不：
unhappy.
不快乐的 - Opposite of; contrary to:
对…相对的；与…相反的：
unrest.
骚乱
语源
- Middle English
中古英语 - from Old English * see ne
源自 古英语 *参见 ne
用法
- There is occasional uncertainty as to the choice between the prefixesun- and in-. In general, the native English formun- is the more widely applicable. It is the usual choice with simple stems,as inunfair, unclean, uneven, or unripe, and with words bearing native English endings: unceasing, unmindful, unwealthy, unselfish, or unwholesome. In- is used primarily with established words originally having Latin endings: inaccurate, incapacity, indivisible, insignificant, illegal, impossible, or irregular. Sometimes the addition of a Latinate suffix to a word changes it from theun- category to the in- category: thus, we haveunable, unequal, unjust, undivided, and unstable but inability, inequality, injustice, indivisible, and instability. A few words with Latinate suffixes do takeun- : unadventurous, unceremonious, unconditional, and unconventional. A few stems appear with both prefixes with distinctions of meaning.Inhuman means “brutal, monstrous,” while unhuman means “not of human form, superhuman.” · When used with adjectives,un- often has a sense distinct from that of non-. Non- picks out the set of things that are not in the category denoted by the stem to which it is attached, whereasun- picks out properties unlike those of the prototypical exemplars of the category. Thusnonmilitary personnel are those who are not members of the military, whereas someone who isunmilitary is unlike a prototypical soldier in dress, habits, or attitudes.
对于选择前缀-un 还是 -in 经常难以确定。 通常，原英语形式un- 是使用最广的。 它是一般被选作与简单的词干搭配，象不公平的、不干净的、不平衡的 或 不熟的， 也常常与带有英语词尾的词连用： 不停息的、不在意的、不富裕的、不自私的 或 不适合健康的。 In-主要与有拉丁字尾的固定字连用： 不精确的、无能力的、不可分的、不重要的、非法的、不可能的 或 不规律的。 有时在词后加一个拉丁词尾，会使un- 竟变为 in- 类： 这样就出现了不能够的、不平等的、不公正的、未分开的 和 不稳固的， 但是却有 无能、不平等、不公正，不可分的 和 非稳固性。 有些有拉丁后缀的词也与un- 连用： 无冒险性的、非正式的、无条件的 和 非传统的。 有些词干可以跟这两个前缀连用，但意义不同。Inhuman 意思是“粗野的，可恨的”但 unhuman 表示“非人形的，超人的”。 当un- 与形容词连用时，与 non-意义不同。 Non-区别出不属于主干所示类型的事物， 反之un- 则区别出与此类型中的典范性质不同的事物。 这样nonmilitary personnel 是指非军事人员， 而unmilitary 则表示与典型军人在衣着、习惯或态度上不同的人
un- 2
pref.（前缀）
- To reverse or undo the result of a specified action:
表示“做相反之动作”：颠倒或消除某特定行为之效果：
unbind.
解开，释放 - To deprive of or remove a specified thing:
表示“使丧失”“夺去”：剥夺或除去一特定事物：
unfrock.
罢黜 - To release, free, or remove from:
释放，解放或迁移：
unyoke.
解除束缚 - Used as an intensive:
用作强调词：
unloose.
解开，释放
语源
- Middle English
中古英语 - from Old English on-
源自 古英语 on- - alteration influenced by un- [not] * see un- 1
受 un-的影响 [不] *参见 un-1 - of ond-, and-, an- [against, opposing] * see ant-
ond-的变化, and-, an- [反对，相反的] *参见 ant-
用法
- Strictly speaking, the intensive use ofun- in words such as unloose, unravel, unthaw, unstrip, or unrid is redundant: unloose has exactly the same sense as loose; unravel, as ravel; and so on. For this reason, many grammarians have suggested that the prefix be avoided,although they allow that it is well established in certain cases,such asunloose and unravel, and has been used by reputable writers:
严格地说，-un- 在 松开、拆散、融化、剥去 或 除去 中的强调用法纯属多余： unloose 和 loose；unravel 和 ravel ，诸如此类，意义完全相同。 因此有些语言家建议免去这个前缀，尽管他们承认这个用法在很多场合已经固定下来，如unloose 和 unravel ，而且很多知名作家也使用这种用法：
“Pretended patriotism unstripped of its mask” (Oliver Goldsmith).
“撕下面具的假爱国主义” （奥利弗·戈德史密斯）。
“The weak wanton Cupid/Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold” (Shakespeare).
“脆弱而放纵的丘比特/会以你的脖颈松开他多情的拥抱” （莎士比亚）。 - Some constructions require the prefixed form:
有些结构中要求使用这一前缀形式：
During the storm all the insulation came unstripped (not stripped ).
During the storm all the insulation came unstripped（在暴风雨中所有绝缘材料都未被剥落）（而非 stripped )
un-1
prefix
(freely used with adjectives, participles, and their derivative adverbs and nouns: less frequently used with certain other nouns) not; contrary to; opposite of
⇒
uncertain
⇒
uncomplaining
⇒
unemotionally
⇒
untidiness
⇒
unbelief
⇒
unrest
⇒
untruth
Origin
from Old English on-, un-; related to Gothic on-, German un-, Latin in-un-2
prefix forming verbs and verbal derivatives
denoting reversal of an action or state
⇒
uncover
⇒
untangle
denoting removal from, release, or deprivation
⇒
unharness
⇒
unman
⇒
unthrone
(intensifier)
⇒
unloose
Origin
from Old English un-, on-; related to Gothic and-, German ent-, Latin anteExample Sentences
About her hung a strong scent of Chanel No. 5. Where did she get it, wondered Stella, to whom French scent was an un- obtainable luxury.
Butler, Gwendoline Coffin on the Waterun-
1
prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German, German un-, Gothic un-, Dutch on-), from PIE *n- (source of Sanskrit a-, an- "not," Greek a-, an-, Old Irish an-, Latin in-), comb. form of PIE root *ne "not" (cognates: Avestan na, Old Church Slavonic and Lithuanian ne "not," Latin ne "that not," Greek ne- "not," Old Irish ni, Cornish ny "not"). Often euphemistic (such as untruth for "lie").The most prolific of English prefixes, freely and widely used in Old English, where it forms more than 1,000 compounds. It underwent a mass extinction in early Middle English, but emerged with renewed vigor 16c. to form compounds with native and imported words. It disputes with Latin-derived cognate in-(1) the right to form the negation of certain words (indigestable/undigestable, etc.), and though both might be deployed in cooperation to indicate shades of meaning (unfamous/infamous), typically they are not.It also makes words from phrases (such as uncalled-for, c.1600; undreamed-of, 1630s; uncome-at-able, 1690s; unputdownable, 1947, of a book; un-in-one-breath-utterable, Ben Jonson; etc., but the habit is not restricted to un-; such as put-up-able-with, 1812). As a prefix in telegramese to replace not and save the cost of a word, it is attested by 1936.
2
prefix of reversal, deprivation, or removal (as in unhand, undo, unbutton), Old English on-, un-, from Proto-Germanic *andi- (cognates: Old Saxon ant-, Old Norse and-, Dutch ont-, Old High German ant-, German ant-, Gothic and- "against"), from PIE *anti "facing opposite, near, in front of, before, against" (see ante).More or less confused with un-(1) through similarity in the notions of "negation" and "reversal;" an adjective such as unlocked might represent "not locked" (un- (1)) or the past tense of unlock (un- (2)).
1
ORIGIN: Old English un- = Old Saxon , Old High German , Gothic un- , Old Norse ú- , ó- , corresp. to Old Irish in- , an- , Latin in- 3Greek an- 5a- 10Sanskrit an- , a- , from Indo-European ablaut var. of base of ne not.