† um-prefix, a reduced form of umb-, perh. directly ad. ON. um- (Icel. and Norw. um-. MSw. um-, om-, Sw. and Da. om-); a similar reduction has taken place in OFris. um- (Fris. om-, âm-), MDu. um-, om- (Du. om-), MLG. and MHG. (also G.) um-, and in the occasional OE. ym-, em- for ymb-, emb-. The more important words with this form of the prefix are umbrace v., umbraid v., umgang n., etc.; the following rarer verbs are chiefly found in northern texts of the 14th century:—umbehold to look about; umcast (see quot.); umclap, to surround, invest; umclead, to clothe about; umclip, to surround; umclose, to close in, invest; umfold, to enclose, surround, umgripe, to embrace, enfold; umheed, to look about; umhill, to cover; umsee (refl.), to take heed; umseek, to search for; umshade, -shadow, to shade about, to protect; umshine, to shine about; umstand, to stand round, to guard; umtiff, to deck out, adorn; umwrithe, to wind round, entwine.The majority of these have corresponding forms in umbe-, and a certain number also appear with umb-. In the cognate languages the following parallel forms with similar significations occur:—umclead, MDu. omcleeden (p.p. omghecleet), Norw. umklædd p.p.; umfold, Da. omfolde, G. umfalten (MHG. umbefalten), Du. omvouwen; umgripe, MDu. omme-, omgripen (Du. omgrijpen), MLG. ummegrîpen (MHG. umbegrîfen), NFris. âmgrip, MSw. umgripa, older Da. omgribe; umsee, WFris. omsjen, NFris. âmse, MDu. omme-, om-, umsien (Du. omzien), MSw. umsea, older Da. omse (also OFris. umbesia, MDu. ombesien, OHG. umbisehan, umbesehen, OE. ymbséon); umseek, MDu. omme-, omsoeken, MSw. omsökia, older Da. omsøge; umshade, MLG. ummescheden, NFris. âmskadi; umshadow, MDu. ommescaduwen (Du. omschaduwen), MHG. umbeschatewen, -schetewen; umshine, MDu. omme-, Du. omschijnen, MHG. umbeschînen, MSw. omskina, OE. ymbscínan; umstand, MDu. omme-, omstaen (Du. omstaan), G. umstehen, older Da. omstande; umwrithe, Da. omvride, Sw. omvrida.a1400–50Alexander 731 (Ashm. MS.), *Vn-behalde þe wele on ilk halfe & haue a gud eȝe.1887Jamieson's Sc. Dict. Suppl. 250/1 ‘To *umcast a splice,’ to fasten it by a wrapping of cord.a1400–50Alexander 2473 (Ashm. MS.), With þat þe kyng & his kniȝtis *vm-clappis þe cite.a1340Hampole Psalter xliv. 15 Þe doghtirs of þe kynge..in hemmyngis of gold, *vmcled in sernesis.a1300E.E. Psalter xlvii. 11 Vmgiues Syon, and *vmklippes it; Telles in his toures yhit.c1400Destr. Troy 4255 [A place] *Vmclosit with a course of the colde ythes, With a serkle of the se þat soght þere aboute.Ibid. 9027 The Duke of Athens..& derf Menelaus..Vmcloset the kyng and his knightes als.1515Scottish Field 268 in Chetham Misc. (1856) II, He umclosed that castell, clene round aboute.a1400–50Alexander 4717 Now gase he..& a fild entris, *Vmfaldin with a faire wod.a1300E.E. Psalter lxxviii. 8 Ne mine of our alde wickenesses, for-þi; Tite *vmgripe vs þi merci.a1400–50Alexander 731 (Dubl. MS.), *Vmhede þe wele on ilke halfe & haue a god Eȝe.a1340Hampole Psalter xliii. 21 Þe shadow of ded *vmhild vs.Ibid. liv. 5 Dred and qwakynge com on me, and myrknes vmhild me.a1400–50Alexander 3728 For-þi..*vmse þe be tyme, Quat tene & torfare may tide, & tent to þine ende.a1300Cursor M. 15846 Quar-for haf yee taken me, And als a theif *vm-soght?c1460Towneley Myst. x. 128 The holy gost shall light in the,..he shall *vmshade and fulfyll That thi madynhede shall neuer spyll.a1300E.E. Psalter xc. 4 With his sculdres sal he *vmschadow þe al.a1340Hampole Psalter cxxxix. 8 Þou vmshadoud abouen my heuyd in day of bataile.Ibid. xc. 4 He sall gif þe vmshadowynge.a1400New Test. (Paues) Acts. xxvi. 13 A lyghte þat *vmschone me and hem þat wore wiþ me.a1300E.E. Psalter cxl. 3 Set, lauerd, to mi mouth yheming, And to mi lippes doer of *vmstanding [L. ostium circumstantiæ].Ibid. cxliii. 14 Doghtres of þam samen-dight, *Vmtiffed als licknes of kirke bright.a1340Hampole Psalter cxviii. 61 Cordis of synful has *vmwrithyn me.

um-
umbe-, umb-

Prefix

no longer productive, obsolete outside dialects, chiefly Scotland Prefix meaning around, about.

Etymology

From Middle English um-, umbe-, embe-, from Old English ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”). More at umbe.

Derived terms

English words prefixed with um-

umbeclip

umbedo

umbehold

umbelie

umbesiege

umbestount

umbestride

umbeweround

umboth

umbothman

umlock

umstart

词汇	um-
词根词缀	OED Wiktionary † um-prefix, a reduced form of umb-, perh. directly ad. ON. um- (Icel. and Norw. um-. MSw. um-, om-, Sw. and Da. om-); a similar reduction has taken place in OFris. um- (Fris. om-, âm-), MDu. um-, om- (Du. om-), MLG. and MHG. (also G.) um-, and in the occasional OE. ym-, em- for ymb-, emb-. The more important words with this form of the prefix are umbrace v., umbraid v., umgang n., etc.; the following rarer verbs are chiefly found in northern texts of the 14th century:—umbehold to look about; umcast (see quot.); umclap, to surround, invest; umclead, to clothe about; umclip, to surround; umclose, to close in, invest; umfold, to enclose, surround, umgripe, to embrace, enfold; umheed, to look about; umhill, to cover; umsee (refl.), to take heed; umseek, to search for; umshade, -shadow, to shade about, to protect; umshine, to shine about; umstand, to stand round, to guard; umtiff, to deck out, adorn; umwrithe, to wind round, entwine.The majority of these have corresponding forms in umbe-, and a certain number also appear with umb-. In the cognate languages the following parallel forms with similar significations occur:—umclead, MDu. omcleeden (p.p. omghecleet), Norw. umklædd p.p.; umfold, Da. omfolde, G. umfalten (MHG. umbefalten), Du. omvouwen; umgripe, MDu. omme-, omgripen (Du. omgrijpen), MLG. ummegrîpen (MHG. umbegrîfen), NFris. âmgrip, MSw. umgripa, older Da. omgribe; umsee, WFris. omsjen, NFris. âmse, MDu. omme-, om-, umsien (Du. omzien), MSw. umsea, older Da. omse (also OFris. umbesia, MDu. ombesien, OHG. umbisehan, umbesehen, OE. ymbséon); umseek, MDu. omme-, omsoeken, MSw. omsökia, older Da. omsøge; umshade, MLG. ummescheden, NFris. âmskadi; umshadow, MDu. ommescaduwen (Du. omschaduwen), MHG. umbeschatewen, -schetewen; umshine, MDu. omme-, Du. omschijnen, MHG. umbeschînen, MSw. omskina, OE. ymbscínan; umstand, MDu. omme-, omstaen (Du. omstaan), G. umstehen, older Da. omstande; umwrithe, Da. omvride, Sw. omvrida.a1400–50Alexander 731 (Ashm. MS.), Vn-behalde þe wele on ilk halfe & haue a gud eȝe.1887Jamieson's Sc. Dict. Suppl. 250/1 ‘To umcast a splice,’ to fasten it by a wrapping of cord.a1400–50Alexander 2473 (Ashm. MS.), With þat þe kyng & his kniȝtis vm-clappis þe cite.a1340Hampole Psalter* xliv. 15 Þe doghtirs of þe kynge..in hemmyngis of gold, vmcled in sernesis.a1300E.E. Psalter xlvii. 11 Vmgiues Syon, and vmklippes it; Telles in his toures yhit.c1400Destr. Troy 4255 [A place] Vmclosit with a course of the colde ythes, With a serkle of the se þat soght þere aboute.Ibid. 9027 The Duke of Athens..& derf Menelaus..Vmcloset the kyng and his knightes als.1515Scottish Field 268 in Chetham Misc.* (1856) II, He umclosed that castell, clene round aboute.a1400–50Alexander 4717 Now gase he..& a fild entris, Vmfaldin with a faire wod.a1300E.E. Psalter lxxviii. 8 Ne mine of our alde wickenesses, for-þi; Tite vmgripe vs þi merci.a1400–50Alexander 731 (Dubl. MS.), Vmhede þe wele on ilke halfe & haue a god Eȝe.a1340Hampole Psalter* xliii. 21 Þe shadow of ded vmhild vs.Ibid. liv. 5 Dred and qwakynge com on me, and myrknes vmhild me.a1400–50Alexander 3728 For-þi..vmse þe be tyme, Quat tene & torfare may tide, & tent to þine ende.a1300Cursor M. 15846 Quar-for haf yee taken me, And als a theif vm-soght?c1460Towneley Myst. x. 128 The holy gost shall light in the,..he shall vmshade and fulfyll That thi madynhede shall neuer spyll.a1300E.E. Psalter xc. 4 With his sculdres sal he vmschadow þe al.a1340Hampole Psalter* cxxxix. 8 Þou vmshadoud abouen my heuyd in day of bataile.Ibid. xc. 4 He sall gif þe vmshadowynge.a1400New Test. (Paues) Acts. xxvi. 13 A lyghte þat vmschone me and hem þat wore wiþ me.a1300E.E. Psalter cxl. 3 Set, lauerd, to mi mouth yheming, And to mi lippes doer of vmstanding [L. ostium circumstantiæ].Ibid. cxliii. 14 Doghtres of þam samen-dight, Vmtiffed als licknes of kirke bright.a1340Hampole Psalter* cxviii. 61 Cordis of synful has vmwrithyn me. um- umbe-, umb- Prefix no longer productive, obsolete* outside dialects, chiefly Scotland Prefix meaning around, about. Etymology From Middle English um-, umbe-, embe-, from Old English ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-Germanic umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”). More at umbe. Derived terms ► English words prefixed with um- umbeclip umbedo umbehold umbelie umbesiege umbestount umbestride umbeweround umboth umbothman umlock umstart
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um-umbe-, umb-

Prefix

Etymology

Derived terms

um-
umbe-, umb-