variant of -ed1. used in forming the past tense or past participle of certain verbs, usually occurring when the final consonant of the stem is voiceless, a lateral, or a nasal and there is internal vowel change in the root:
slept; felt; dreamt.
-t1. a suffix forming the regular past tense or past participle of certain verbs, as in built, spent.
2. a suffix which alternates with -ed1 in forming the past tense or past participle of certain verbs such as dreamt, spelt, and is regularly used for the participial adjective, as in burnt toast, spilt milk.
[past tense: Middle English and Old English -te, -(e)de, Old English -ode; past participle: Middle English and Old English -t, -(e)d, Old English -od]
-t1
/t/
suffix
equivalent to -ED2 (as in crept, sent, spoilt).
相当于-ED2 (如crept, sent, spoilt)。
-t2
/t/
suffix
equivalent to -EST2 (as in shalt).
同-EST2 (如shalt)。
▪ I.-t, suffix1formative of the pa.pple. in some weak verbs, for earlier -d and -ed(see -ed1), due usually to the devocalization of d after a breath consonant, as in nipped, nip'd, nipt. In some verbs the use of t for -ed goes back to OTeut., esp. in app. contracted or irregular verbs, as bought, brought, might, thought, wrought (Goth.bauht, brâht, maht, þâht, waurht); in others it appears in WGer., as sought (Goth.sôkid, OS. and OE.sôht); in others only in OE. as laught (læht), taught (tæht, taht). But in the majority of cases the t is of later appearance, arising from the reduction of -ed to -'d, -d in Middle or Mod.Engl., with consequent devocalization of d, not only after breath consonants, as in dropt, nipt, crept, slept, swept, left, lost, tost, past, but, in certain cases, after liquids and nasals, as in felt, spelt, spilt, dreamt, burnt, meant, pent; also in contracted formations, such as built, bent, lent, sent, spent, girt, cast. But in many words where the pronunciation has t, the current spelling is -ed, e.g.blessed, dropped, hushed, passed for blest, dropt, husht, past. See the article -ed suffix1.▪ II.-t, suffix2formative of the pa. tense of some weak verbs, for earlier -te, -de, -ede (:—da, -ida, -eda). Parallel in formation to the prec., and generally going along with it in ME., and identical in form in mod.E.; but in OE. a pa. tense in -te was sometimes used where the pa.pple. retained the fuller -ed, as in cyssan to kiss, cyste, cyssed, settan to set, sette, seted (and sett). In mod.Eng. on the contrary the spelling in t is more frequent in the pa.pple., esp. when used adjectivally, than in the pa. tense: cf.tempest-tost, the wind tossed the ship; in time past, he passed his time. In some cases even the form in -ed is a mere modern fashion of spelling, at variance with both the pronunciation and the history; thus, kissed was in OS.kusta, OE.cyste, ME.kist, as actually pronounced; it has come to be spelt kissed, because in other verbs -ed is pronounced -t.▪ III.-t, suffix3A formative of ns.a. from verbs, going back to OTeut., and answering variously to the Indo-Eur. suffixes -tos, -tā, -tis, -tus, the t of which remained in Teutonic, when preceded by a guttural, labial, or s; e.g.draught, drift, flight, frost, gift, heft, might, plight, shaft, shrift, slaught, thirst, thought, thrift, weft, etc. (in some of which the formation is later and imitative). In a few cases the t is a later Eng. change of -þ after h, ȝ, as in sight (OE.siehþ), in which þ normally represented Indo-Eur.t. See -th1.b. from adjs. (or ns.), changed from earlier -þ, -th (in length, etc.) after h, ȝ, as height (Goth.hauhiþa, OE.híehþo, ME.heiȝþe, highth); sleight (ON.slægþ, ME.sleiȝþe); theft (OE.þiefþ, ME.þiefþe); dreight (for dreighth, from dreiȝ, dree): here the suffix was OTeut.-iþô: -iðô: Indo-Eur.-tā. See -th1. Also dought (OE.duᵹuþ:—*dugunþ), drought (OE.drûᵹuþ, Sc.drouth), where the OE. suffix -uþ was for -unþ:—Indo-Eur.-ntis.
ORIGIN:Old English from Germanic, ult. of same origin as -th1.
Forming abstract nouns from verbs after (orig.) velar, labial, or sibilant consonants, as draught, drift, haft, might, thirst. 2 -t/t/suffix2 (not productive).Later var. of -th1 after a fricative as in drought, height, sleight, theft. 3 -t/t/suffix3.
ORIGIN: Var. of -ed1.
Forming the pa. t. & pple of some weak verbs, esp. after a voiceless consonant other than /t/ (see -ed1), or as a contr. of -ded, -ed after l, m, n, r (as in girt, sent, spilt). In some verbs existing as a parallel form to -ed, sometimes with difference of use, as leaned and leant, roasted and roast, spoiled and spoilt.
☞ t
-t 1
Suffix
Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, etc)
Etymology
From Middle English-te (“preterite ending”), -t (“past participle ending”), from Old English-de (“first and third person preterite ending”), -d (“past participle ending”), from Proto-Germanic*-id- (“preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs”) and Proto-Germanic*-idaz (“past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs”).
Usage notes
Some verbs have both an -ed and a -t form. The -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. toucht.
Derived terms
abasht
abolisht
absorpt
accomplisht
accurst
admonisht
addrest
advanc’t
ambusht
anguisht
annext
approacht
askt
astonisht
attacht
attackt
avoucht
banisht
bent
begat
begot
belcht
bereft
beset
besought
besprent
bethought
bit
bleacht
blemisht
blent
blest
blockt
blusht
bornt
bought
brandisht
brought
brusht
built
burnisht
burnt
bynempt
caught
ceast
checkt
cherisht
clasht
cleft
chirpt
clapt
clept
clipt
comprest
condenst
confest
contradistinguisht
crasht
crept
cropt
crusht
curst
danc’t
daunc’t
dealt
deckt
deduc’t
demolisht
denounc’t
deprest
developt
deduc’t
demolisht
denounc’t
deprest
developt
digrest
diminisht
dipt
disestablisht
dislik’t
dismist
dispenst
dispossest
disrelisht
distinguisht
dreamt
drest
drencht
dript
dropt
dwelt
eclipst
embellisht
embost
empoverisht
encampt
encreast
encroacht
enforc’t
enravisht
equipt
escapt
escap’t
experienc’t
exprest
extinguisht
felt
finisht
fixt
flapt
flasht
flipt
flourisht
flusht
frusht
forc’t
forwent
furbisht
furnisht
gallopt
garnisht
gaspt
gilt
glanc’t
gnasht
grac’t
gript
gusht
hackt
hatcht
heapt
heft
helpt
hitcht
hoist
husht
immesht
imprest
impresst
increast
infixt
inforc’t
intermixt
intrencht
invok’t
jilt
kept
kickt
kilt
kist
knockt
languisht
lasht
lavisht
leant
learnt
left
lent
leapt
lickt
lik’t
lost
markt
maskt
matcht
meant
misspelt
misst
minisht
mixt
mockt
nourisht
opprest
outstretcht
parcht
pent
perisht
perplext
pierc’t
pisst
pitcht
plac’t
pluckt
polisht
possest
preacht
prefixt
prest
produc’t
progrest
provok’t
publisht
pult
puncht
punisht
pusht
quencht
rankt
rapt
raught
reacht
rebuilt
reduc’t
reestablisht
refresht
reft
regrest
releast
relisht
rent
replenisht
represt
repulst
revok’t
ript
rusht
scorcht
searcht
seduc’t
sent
skirmisht
slapt
slasht
slept
slipt
slit
smasht
smelt
snapt
snatcht
soakt
sought
spelt
spent
spilt
splasht
spoilt
stablisht
stept
stopt
stoopt
strest
stretcht
suckt
supprest
swept
talkt
tapt
tarnisht
taught
thought
tipt
toucht
transfixt
transgrest
turnt
unblest
unbuilt
unburnt
uncropt
uncurst
undevelopt
undipt
undreamt
undrest
unexprest
unimprest
unlearnt
unmaskt
unmixt
unopprest
unpunisht
unreprest
unspilt
unspoilt
unstopt
unstrest
unsupprest
unvanquisht
unworshipt
unwrapt
vanisht
vanquisht
varnisht
vext
voucht
walkt
washt
watcht
weft
went
wept
wisht
wist
wistest
worshipt
wrapt
wrought
yclept
yelpt
Related terms
-ed
-t 2
Suffix
An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s.
against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst
Etymology
Probably resulting from -s + the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-.
Usage notes
As with -st, when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in between/betwixt), the form with -t is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.