photo- 或 phot-
pref.（前缀）
语源
pref.（前缀）
- Light; radiant energy:
光；辐射能：
photosynthesis.
光合作用 - Photographic:
摄影的，摄影用的：
photomontage.
集锦照相 - Photoelectric:
光电的：
photoemission.
光电发射
语源
- Greek phōto-
希腊语 phōto- - from phōs phōt- * see bhā- 1
源自 phōs phōt- *参见 bhā- 1
photo-
combining form
of, relating to, or produced by light
⇒
photosynthesis
indicating a photographic process
⇒
photolithography
Origin
from Greek phōs, phōt- lightphoto-
Word Origin
1
a combining form meaning “light” (photobiology); also used to represent “photographic” or “photograph” in the formation of compound words:
photocopy.
Also, especially before a vowel, phot-.
Origin
< Greek, combining form of phôs (genitive phōtós)
Related Words
- combining form
- phot-
- photoactinic
- photoactivation
- photoallergic
- photoanalyst
photo-1. a word element meaning 'light' as in photosynthesis, photoelectron.
2. a word element meaning 'photograph' or 'photographic' as in photocopy.
[Greek phōto-, combining form of phos light]photo-
combining form
⇨ see phot-
combining form
⇨ see phot-
photo-
combining form
1.
- relating to light表示“光”：
-
photochemical.
2.
- relating to photography表示“照相（术）”：
-
photofit.
词源
sense 1 from Greek phōs, phōt- 'light'; sense 2, abbreviation of PHOTOGRAPHY .
1966 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xx. 87A biological system obtains energy from the oxidation of organic substrates or from the action of light on its *photo-absorbing pigments.
1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere viii. 252 (heading)The generation of the photoabsorbing species and their relative significance.
1966 Physical Rev. CXLIX. 55/1 (caption)Charge distribution of ions resulting from *photoabsorption primarily in the 3d shell of krypton.
1976 Physics Bull. Dec. 544/2The continuum states of two electron atoms and ions can be studied by electron scattering or by photoabsorption.
1971 Nature 5 Feb. 372/1 The second possibility is that the mechanism of photosynthesis switches from a reaction involving two photosystems to a simpler form involving but one *photoact.
1971 R. Gregory Biochem. of Photosynthesis ii. 36Eight separate ‘photoacts’ are involved, so that we should expect 2500/8, say 300 chlorophyll molecules to be associated with each reaction centre.
1957 Plant Physiol. XXXII. 397/2Since the most probable photoreceptor is the oxidized form of the flavoprotein, the *photoactions are effective in its return to the reduced form.
1965 Hendricks & Borthwick in T. W. Goodwin Chem. &Biochem. Plant Pigments xv. 409Reversibility of light action..indicates that the photoactions are conversions of molecular configuration.
1926 Ann. Rep. Progr.Chem. XXII. 340In the case of chlorine,..W. Taylor draws the conclusion that only absorption within the continuous absorption band will *photoactivate the gas.
1959 Mycologia LI. 87 Pigmentation was photo-activated. Light of wave lengths between 390 and 513 mµ stimulated the production of colour.
1926 Ann. Rep. Progr.Chem. XXII. 360In general, the ‘electron-loosening’ mechanism of Stark..describes the state of a *photo-activated molecule better than the other conceptions put forward by photochemists.
1954 Jrnl. Res. Nat. Bureau of Standards (U.S. ) LIII. 125 (heading)Catalytic photoactivated polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene.
1925 Phil. Mag. XLIX. 1116 (heading)A note on the *photo-activation of chlorine.
1974 Physiologia Plantarum XXXII. 228 (heading) Action spectrum for photoactivation of the water⁓splitting system in plastids of intermittently illuminated wheat leaves.
1908 Physical Rev. XXVI. 541A study of *photo-active effects produced by illuminating one electrode only, no external electromotive force being applied.
1951 Sci. News XXII. 75Perhaps indeed the carotenoids were the primaeval photoactive pigments which in the course of evolution of green plants and algae have been functionally although not physically replaced by..chlorophyll.
1975 Nature 10 Apr. 507/2 The properties of an organic photovoltaic cell in which the photoactive material is microcrystalline chlorophyll-a.
1915 Physical Rev. V. 45This value of current was used in comparing the *photo-activity of solutions.
1970 Biochim. & Biophys. Acta CCXXIII. 444 The photoactivity was measured by observation of the blue-shift.
1880 Allman in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. ,Zool. XV. 137Ascribing to the marginal bodies of the Hydroid Medusae a *photo-aesthetic function.
1970 H. Kiefer et al. inProv. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVII. 1688The method of affinity labeling is in widespread use for attachment of covalent labels at the active sites of protein molecules. The usual affinity-labeling reagent has the structure R—X, where R is the portion of the molecule that binds specifically and reversibly to the active site under study, and X is a chemically reactive group, such as diazonium or haloacyl... In *photo-affinity labeling, a reagent R—P is used, where P is a group that is ordinarily unreactive, but which can be converted by photolysis to an exceedingly reactive intermediate P*. Those molecules of R—P that are reversibly bound to the active sites react instantaneously upon conversion to R—P* before they can dissociate from the site.
1970 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVII. 1694Binding sites of similar specificities in the same membrane preparation..may be photo-affinity labeled by the same reagents.
1976 Nature 29 Apr. 802/1 Without irradiation the photoaffinity label reversibly inhibited the potassium conductance..whereas the sodium conductance was not affected.
1978 Nature 12 Jan. 157/1 The modified pheromone is radioactively labelled, and since the carbene is generated photolytically, the process is called photoaffinity labelling.
1939 Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. II. 45 (heading)Mechanism of the *photoallergic reaction.
1968 Hjorth & Fregert in A. J. Rook et al. Textbk. Dermatol. I. 300/1Photo-allergic reactions can resemble sunburn.
1976 Lancet 20 Nov. 1116/1 Chloroquine..is also used in..photoallergic reactions.
1939 S. Epstein in Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. II. 45These experiments demonstrate a true allergic type of photosensitivity (*photoallergy). As far as I can see, this is the first report of this particular type of photosensitization and the first experimental proof of the allergic nature of this form of light sensitivity.
1976 Arch. Dermatol. CXII. 1124/1The diphenhydramine photoallergy was elicited by long-wave ultraviolet light.
1922 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists XXXVIII. 8/1The green pigment chlorophyll has been shown by Willstätter to be an equilibrium mixture of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B... This equilibrium is not appreciably altered when *photo-assimilation of CO2 is taking place.
1975 Nature 9 Oct. 490/2 The ability of the cyanobacterium to *photoassimilate CO2 in reactions driven by photosystem I alone and using Na2S was demonstrated..; no photoassimilation was observed in the absence of sulphide or light.
1951 J. W. Foster in Werkman & Wilson BacterialPhysiol. 363*Photoautotrophs are those which utilize light.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia X. 896/1A green plant is a typical example of a photoautotroph.
1943 Physiol. Rev. XXIII. 350This..implies that the organism so operating must be capable of carrying out conversions of organic compounds. Theoretically it should even be able to grow heterotrophically on the proper organic substrates. Many of the *photo-autotrophic organisms have yielded to this treatment.
1975 Nature 25 Dec. 715/1 Manganese is required for the photoautotrophic growth of O2-evolving organisms.
1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 189This may bear some relation to the rapid evolution of photoautotrophic organisms such as blue-green algae.
1900 Lancet 13 Oct. 1087/1 The peculiar greenish glow seen upon stale haddocks and other sea fishes is produced by this remarkable *photo⁓bacterium... By protracted exposure they may be photographed by their own light. [ photobacteria]
1907 Chem. Abstr. I. 190 (heading)The *photobiological sensitizers and their proteid compounds.
1976 Sci. Amer. Feb. 119/1The results of the experiment..also rule out for the wasp any model of a clock in which light induces, or starts, diapause or development by photobiological means other than mere entrainment.
1958 Plant Physiol. XXXIII. 447/1Robert Bruce Withrow died on April 8, 1958... With his passing this country lost one of its prominent *photobiologists.
1973 Nature 6 July 37/1 Wald has therefore suggested that photobiologists should plot spectral functions on a frequency scale.
1935 Science 31 May 526/2 The cure of rickets by ultra-violet light constitutes one of the most interesting chapters in *photo-biology.
1941 H. F. Blum Photo-dynamic Action i. 3Although..the phenomenon has been found to have a more limited significance in photobiology, the name photodynamic action has persisted.
1968 New Scientist 5 Dec. 579/2 This Penguin survey is a valuable guide to the present knowledge and research work in photobiology.
1937 Ann. Rep. Progr.Chem. XXXIII. 426Considerations of the *photo⁓bleaching of fluorescent dyes in an oxygen-free atmosphere by the action of ferrous salts.
1974 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. &Technol. 127/2Light conversion in photo⁓active chlorophyll is accompanied by photobleaching and by the simultaneous appearance of a free or unpaired electron.
1952 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 4524The *photoconversion of (I) and (III) into coloured forms does not occur with light of wave-lengths greater than about 540 mµ.
1964 Photochem. & Photobiol. III. 521 The absorption spectra of the two forms of phytochrome show, in addition to the major absorption bands in the red and far-red regions, minor bands in the blue and near u.v. which are also effective in the photoconversions of phytochrome, PR {equil} PFR.
1971 Nature 27 Aug. 602/1 The implication is that acetylcholine is involved in electrical changes in the plant which presumably follow the photoconversion of phytochrome.
1962 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. LXVI. 2476/1Any X formed from B being immediately *photoconverted into A.
1970 Nature 15 Aug. 666/1 The axis of orientation of the chromophores is parallel to the plasmalemma surface in the Pr form, but is changed to an orientation at 90° to the surface of the plasmalemma when photoconverted to Pfr.
1962 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. LXVI. 2469/2Only this isomer is *photoconvertible into the spiropyran by visible light.
1913 H. S. Allen Photo-Electricity x. 127The proportionality factor between light absorption and *photocurrent is only independent of the angle of incidence ϕ for an electric vector..vibrating at right angles to the plane of incidence.
1913 Physical Rev. I. 74The photocurrent-potential curve was almost identical with that furnished by the mercury lamp.
1936 Discovery May 151/2 This type of light-sensitive cell..requires no battery to obtain the photo-current.
1974 Nature 26 Apr. 804/1 Light-induced release of protons might thus provide an alternative mechanism for generation of the photocurrents.
1973 Nature 12 Jan. 133/1 This demonstrates the potential importance of the excited states of tryptophan as intermediates in lens *photodamage.
1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere ix. 348The link between DNA photodamage in living tissue cells and carcinogenesis by radiation is somewhat empirical.
1928 Jrnl. OpticalSoc. Amer. XVI. 222A self-registering *photodensitometer has been described in which the direct-reading method and a thermocouple are employed.
1949 Jrnl. Appl. Physics XX. 129/2The specimen containing the diffused Na24 was placed directly on the emulsion for one-half hour... The plate was then developed and analyzed in a photo-densitometer.
1971 Nature 19 Feb. 572/1 For most plant shoots, however, the change in methylene blue concentration is far too small to be accurately measured using standard photodensitometers.
1971 Ibid. 16 July 185/1The haloes were also evident in a photodensitomer profile across a cloud bank image, and extended 1 km from the cloud edge.
1965 Biochemistry (Easton, Pa. ) IV. 1653/2Sometimes absorption optics are used on the ultracentrifuge, and in this event concentrations are measured by *photo⁓densitometry.
1889 Nature 15 Aug. 384/2 Although these mollusks possess no eyes, they display extreme sensibility to light... It also appears that the *photodermatic (receptive) function is stimulated by luminous vibrations from without.
1964 Jrnl. CellBiol. XXII. 448/2The most conspicuous structural change in the plastids during the 1 to 3 hours of *photodestruction of the pigments is the formation of stacked lamellar structures.
1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere ix. 371The minimum in the altitude concentration profile of nitric oxide with altitude near to 70 km is evidently a reflection more of the variation of production rate with altitude than of the variation of the photodestruction rate.
1943 Phil. Trans. R.Soc. A. CCXXXIX. 278 (heading)*Photodetachment of electrons from normal O- ions.
1973 Nature 26 Oct. 450/2 The profiles..confirmed the hypothesis that the daytime D region of the ionosphere below 80 km may be formed by photo-detachment of electrons.
1959 Rev. Sci. Instruments XXX. 593/1The application of the parametric amplifier principle to *photodetection.
1972 S. S. Charschan Lasers in Industry ix. 523In direct photodetection, all optical frequency and phase information is lost.
1947 Proc. Nat. ElectronicsConf. 1946 171 (heading)*Photodetectors for ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation.
1959 Proc. IRE XLVII. 1475/1Until the early 1950's, the development of infrared photodetectors revolved principally around polycrystalline films of PbS, PbSe, or PbTe.
1967 New Scientist 16 Nov. 416/1 The infrared radiation falls on the photodetector and produces visible radiation from the photoemitter.
1972 S. S. Charschan Lasers in Industry ix. 529Quantum or photo⁓detectors depend on the action of light quanta on a single electron rather than on the absorption and distribution of energy over an entire macroscopic body.
1935 Proc. R.Soc. A. CLI. 481The next point of interest is the probability of the ‘*photo’-disintegration.
Ibid. 482The effect of the γ-rays of radium in producing the photo-disintegration was also examined.
1942 J. D. Stranathan ‘Particles’ ofMod. Physics xi. 444Another illustration of photodisintegration is that of 4Be9. This reaction is 4Be9 + hv → 4Be8 + on1.
1968 D. D. Clayton Princ. Stellar Evolution & Nucleosynthesis vii. 519What happens then, as the temperature rises, may be described as a redistribution of loosely bound nucleons into more tightly bound states. We choose to call this process..photodisintegration rearrangement.
1903 Encycl. Brit. XXXV. 729/4 (Index),*Photo-effect.
1913 H. S. Allen Photo-Electricity i. 8For substances which show only a ‘normal’ photo-effect the specific photo-electric activity increases continuously as the wave-length diminishes.
1938 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth'sMan. Radioactivity (ed. 2) x. 123These rays are able to bring about nuclear photo-effects by the ejection of neutrons from the nuclei of various elements. [ γ-]
1960 R. H. Bube Photoconductivity of Solids i. 2Two new photoeffects were discovered in the early 1930s. In 1931, Dember..reported that a potential difference was developed in cuprous oxide in the direction of the light.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 439/2The photoeffect probability goes as approximately the fifth power of the atomic number of the absorbing material.
1966 Physical Rev. CXLIX. 55/1*Photoejection of a 3d electron.
1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere i. 2The photoejection of electrons from a metal surface irradiated with monochromatic..light.
1972 Nature 7 July 37/2 If the energy of light is used effectively in an electrochemical system, it should be possible to decompose water with visible light. Here we describe a novel type of *photo-electrochemical cell which decomposes water in this way.
1976 Ibid. 9 Sept. 100/1Better and cheaper means of storing electricity..remain desirable, and hence the practical importance of photo⁓electrochemical decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
1953 Proc. PhysicalSoc. B. LXVI. 743If the slab is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of illumination, a voltage is produced at right angles to both field and illumination (*photoelectromagnetic effect). [ of germanium]
1965 K. F. Hulme in C. A. Hogarth Materials used in Semiconductor Devices vi. 153The theory and the constructional details and performance of a practical room-temperature photo⁓electromagnetic detector have been given.
1965 M. Evenari in E. J. Bowen Recent Progress in Photobiol. v. 161The ocean of light which constitutes the *photoenvironment.
1973 Nature 6 July 37/1 The adrenal cortex, thyroid and pineal of birds are affected by the photoenvironment.
1962 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XLV. 703 (heading)*Photoenzymatic repair of ultraviolet damage in DNA.
1975 Nature 17 Apr. 627/1 If ultraviolet biological damage can be reversed by true photoenzymatic repair, then dimers have a major role in the production of that damage.
1966 Adv. RadiationBiol. II. 23A *photoenzymatically reversible competitive inhibition of transforming DNA repair in vitro.
1960 *Photoenzyme . [ see photoreactivatingppl. a.]
1966 Adv. RadiationBiol. II. 19This type of PR does not result from the same type of photoenzyme. [ sc. photoreactivation]
1890 Cent. Dict. ,*Photo-epinastic... *Photo-epinastically... *Photo⁓epinasty.
1924 H. S. Taylor Treat. PhysicalChem. II. xviii. 1239With constant illumination, between reaction temperatures of 50 and 800° C., the *photo-equilibrium is the same, regardless of the gas temperature. This indicates that the temperature coefficient of the two photo-processes is the same.
1962 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. LXVI. 2472/2In reversible photoisomerizations photoequilibrium is established when the rates of the two opposing photoreactions A {equil} B under the action of the particular photoactive light used, are equal.
1974 Chem. Soc. Rev. III. 332As the sensitizer energy is reduced the efficiency of sensitization of the cis-isomer falls below that of the trans. As a result there is a region where the trans-isomer is selectively excited and the proportion of cis-isomer at photoequilibrium is greater.
1918 Physical Rev. XI. 485Having followed the kathodo phosphorescence for 300 seconds by the usual well-known method of a single excitation and determined the form of the curve of decay, the relation of this curve to that obtained by *photoexcitation is of importance.
1946 Nature 2 Nov. 603/2 In the large gap region it was necessary to increase the stress above that calculated, to provide the required photoexcitation.
1975 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. &Technol. 357/1In photoconductors the carriers can be generated internally by photoexcitation.
1954 Ann. Rev. PlantPhysiol. V. 277In basic solvents like pyridine, *photoexcited chlorophyll can be reduced by ascorbate.
1970 Physics Bull. Nov. 488/2The migration of photoexcited electrons out of regions of high optical excitation to be entrapped in regions of low optical excitation.
1967 Sci. Amer. Apr. 47*Photofabrication starts with drawings and by chemistry and optics transforms them into the objects, usually with a linear reduction in scale.
1968 Physics Bull. Dec. 423/1The application of holography to..the photofabrication of microcircuits.
1939 Physical Rev. LVI. 449/2We can form an estimate of the cross section for *photo-fission by comparison with the yields of photoneutrons.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XIV. 299/2More complicated interactions involve either the emission of heavier particles.., many particles, or photofission. [ photonuclear]
1949 Electronics Feb. 100/1 The *Photoformer, as it is called since it generates waveshapes through the use of a cathode-ray tube and phototube, is fed with a sawtooth voltage of the desired frequency.
1965 Math. inBiol. &Med. (Med. Res. Council) i. 38Figure 3 shows how an analogue computer is used to resolve such a curve into its components... A voltage generated from the curve by a photoformer is compared with the sum of exponentials generated in the computer.
1951 J. W. Foster in Werkman & Wilson BacterialPhysiol. 364The above two classes of autotrophs have their counterparts in the heterotrophic bacteria. Thus there are chemoheterotrophs and *photoheterotrophs... The latter are a specialized photosynthetic group which is capable of using for growth both radiant energy and preformed organic matter.
1963 Studies on Microalgae & Photosynthetic Bacteria ( Jap. Soc. Plant Physiologists) 465Two characteristic facultative photoheterotrophs..have been examined for response to nitrate under various conditions of growth.
1945 E. I. Rabinowitch Photosynthesis I. v. 106The metabolism of the ‘*photoheterotrophic’ bacteria—that is, bacteria which require light for the assimilation of organic nutrients, seemed at first to be quite different from that of the ‘photautotrophic’ bacteria.
1975 Nature 18 Dec. 631/1 Typical purple bacteria produce large quantities of molecular hydrogen during photoheterotrophic growth on organic acids.
1972 Science 27 Oct. 404/3 Under anaerobic conditions in the light, cultures grow *photoheterotrophically. [ of flexibacteria]
1938 Recueil des Travaux bot. Né erlandais XXXV. 12 The decrease of the curvature with auxin-a by light must be ascribed to the *photo-inactivation of the auxin-a-lactone.
1973 Biochemistry (Easton, Pa. ) XII. 2540/2Studies..on the photoinactivation of a purified bovine kidney mutarotase were undertaken.
1937 Nature 25 Sept. 545/1 In the chicken retina, which contains principally cones, attempts to identify *photo-labile pigments heretofore have failed.
1975 Ibid. 31 Jan. 316/2Some photolabile metabolite accumulates until a threshold concentration is reached.
1961 Webster, *Photolability.
1968 Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics CXXIII. 109 (heading)Formation and photolability of a methyl cobalamin enzyme.
1958 R. Y. Stanier et al.Gen. Microbiol. 669The most familiar examples of the *photolithotrophs are the green plants, which use water as a hydrogen donor in photosynthesis.
1971 J. S. Poindexter Microbiol. xxi. 473Ectotrophic mycorrhizae are found in many forest trees... Generally, these trees are photolithotrophs as adults, and their seeds contain sufficient organic nutrients to provide the energy for germination and development of photosynthetic capacity.
1976 Nature 18 Mar. 200/2 Photolithotrophs such as Thiorhodaceae or purple sulphur bacteria and Chlorobacteriaceae or green sulphur bacteria, learned, through photochemical promotion, to use inorganic reductants as electron donors.
1958 R. Y. Stanier et al.Gen. Microbiol. xiv. 292For the enrichment of chemolithotrophic and *photolithotrophic organisms, organic compounds must be omitted from the medium, and CO2 or bicarbonate must be used as the only source of carbon.
1972 Goodwin & Mercer Introd. PlantBiochem. i. 3The phototrophic bacteria are subdivided into photolithotrophic bacteria ( e.g. green and purple sulphur bacteria) whose growth is dependent on exogenous inorganic hydrogen donors..and photo⁓organotrophic bacteria (e.g. purple, non-sulphur bacteria) whose growth is dependent on exogenous organic hydrogen donors. The biochemistry of photolithotrophic bacteria is related to that of green plants.
1947 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant.Biol. XI. 302The following terminology is hereby proposed to characterize nutritional types ... A. Phototrophy. Energy chiefly provided by photochemical reaction. 1. *Photolithotrophy. Growth dependent on exogenous inorganic H-donors. 2. Photoorganotrophy. Growth dependent on exogenous organic H-donors. B. Chemotrophy. Energy provided entirely by dark chemical reaction. [ of microorganism]
1969 F. E. Round Introd. Lower Plants i. 2Photolithotrophy is the common photosynthesis of plants possessing chlorophyll a and using water as the hydrogen donor.
1858 Mayne Expos. Lex. 948/2*Photomagnetic.
1959 R. A. Smith Semiconductors viii. 315From equations (309) and (328) we may obtain an expression for the ratio of the photo-magnetic current per unit magnetic field to the photo-conductive current per unit electric field.
1975 Physics Bull. Jan. 15/1The materials in which such ‘photomagnetic’ phenomena have been observed so far are magnetic insulators or semiconductors.
1864 Webster, *Photomagnetism, the relation of magnetism to light. Faraday.
1934 Physik. Zeitschr. der Sowjetunion V. 597 (heading)On the explanation of the *photomagnetoelectric effect in semi-conductors.
1967 R. H. Bube in Willardson & Beer Semiconductors & Semimetals III. xi. 473The photomagnetoelectric (PME) effect provides a technique for the determination of minority-carrier lifetimes.
1965 W. R. Runyan Silicon SemiconductorTechnol. iv. 76Silicon dioxide is very convenient to use as a mask since it can be easily delineated by standard *photomask techniques.
1977 Sci. Amer. Sept. 114/3Thus each photomask, typically a glass plate about five inches on a side, has a single pattern repeated many times over its surface.
1952 R. E. Marshak Meson Physics iii. 104The *photomesic production process probably leads, in the majority of cases, to excited states of the final nucleus having smaller spins than 4.
1974 ( title)Photomesic and photonuclear reactions and investigation methods with synchrotrons.
1950 A. S. Bishop Photoproduction of Mesons from Hydrogen (Univ. ofCalif. RadiationLab. , UCRL-874) 40By definition, σ(Eph), the excitation function at 90° for *photo-meson production from protons, constitutes the probability that a photon of energy Eph, interacting with a proton, will produce a meson at 90° in the laboratory system.
1951 Physical Rev. LXXXI. 189/1The angular dependence of the nuclear cross section for photo-meson production..yields fairly direct information concerning the momentum distribution with the nucleus. [ in]
1954 Ibid. XCV. 592/2 (heading)Negative-to-positive ratio of photomesons from deuterium.
1955 Ibid. XCIX. 1694/2It is in the photoelectric mixing tube, or *photomixer,..that the beat frequency is generated.
1975 Nature 13 Feb. 515/1 We have built a heterodyne spectrometer using..a HgCdTe photodiode as a photomixer.
1962 Appl. Optics I. 51/1This paper reports the observation of microwave signals produced by *photomixing of near-neighbour axial mode components in the output spectrum of a ruby optical maser.
1966 M. Ross Laser Receivers iv. 125Photomixing has been successfully achieved under laboratory conditions. However, no operational receiver incorporating photomixing has yet been announced.
1950 Curtis & Clark Introd. PlantPhysiol. xx. 630Some plants are evidently highly indifferent to the photoperiod with respect to their flowering behavior and will flower over almost any photoperiod ranging from a 5-hr daily exposure to a 24-hr, or continuous, exposure. Some of the plants that fall into this indeterminate, or *photoneutral, group are buckwheat, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and dandelion.
1975 Nature 25 Dec. 712/2 Natural populations of D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura are photoneutral in general, but respond rapidly to selection for positive or negative phototactic behaviour.
1935 Proc. R.Soc. A. CLI. 488The angular distribution of the *photo-neutrons from beryllium was investigated.
1975 K. G. McNeill et al. in Jochim & Ziegler InteractionStud. in Nuclei 451Predictions have been made of the angular distributions of the photoprotons emitted from 40Ca and going to the ground state of 39K..and of the distribution of ground state photoneutrons.
1949 Science 2 Dec. 579/1 There is an appreciable background of *photonuclear stars and proton tracks.
1959 Deutsch & Kofoed-Hansen in E. Segrè Exper. Nucl. Physics III. x. ii. 305Photonuclear reactions are sometimes used for the detection of high-energy gamma-rays and for the measurement of their energies.
1973 Physics Bull. Nov. 694/3The program will cover effective interactions in light nuclei, photonuclear reactions, neutron scattering below 15 MeV, . [ etc.]
1965 A. H. Rose Chem. Microbiol. iii. 40Thus we arrive at the following four nutritional categories of micro-organisms based on their energy-yielding metabolism: photolithotrophs, *photoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs.
1976 Nature 18 Mar. 200/2 Photo-organotrophs such as purple non-sulphur bacteria use as electron donors in the light, in anaerobic conditions, those organic electron donors which were used by fermenters in the dark.
1958 R. Y. Stanier et al.Gen. Microbiol. xiv. 292Since the *photoorganotrophic bacteria require various growth factors, a small amount of yeast extract is generally added to the enrichment medium.
1972 Photoorganotrophic . [ see photolithotrophicadj. above]
1971 J. S. Poindexter Microbiol. xiii. 154The few types of algae that can grow *photoorganotrophically are aerobes.
1947 *Photoorganotrophy . [ see photolithotrophy above]
1897 C. B. Davenport Exper. Morphol. i. 185A phototactic or *photopathic response has not hitherto been certainly observed in this group.
1897 Ibid. 180Control of the Direction of Locomotion by Light—Phototaxis and *Photopathy. The second includes the wandering of organisms into a more or less intensely illuminated region. [ Note.]
1897 C. B. Davenport Exper. Morphol. i. 181According as the migration is towards or from the more intensely illuminated area, we can distinguish positive (+) and negative (-) photopathy; and correspondingly we.. speak of the organisms themselves as *photophil or photophob. In this nomenclature I follow Graber.
Ibid. 194Among Echinodermata, Asteracanthion rubens..appears to be photophil, and Asterina gibbosa..to be photophob.
1952 Physiologia Plantarum V. 81 Bünning concluded that light is favourable to flowering during the ‘rising’ or photophile phase of the leaf movement, and inhibiting during the falling or scotophile phase.
1964 E. Bünning Physiol. Clock xiv. 122During the long dark period the plants endogenously reach a second ‘photophil’ state.
1965 Plant Physiol. XL. 873/1Light during the photophil phases may stimulate flowering to such an extent that..nearly every bud on the plant responds.
1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants v. 170He proposed that photoperiodism involves a regular oscillation of phases or half-cycles with different sensitivity to light, and postulated that transfer to light sets in motion a photophile (or light-loving) phase, which is followed about twelve hours later by a skotophile (dark-loving) phase, also of twelve hours duration. [ sc. Bünning]
1900 A. J. Ewart tr. Pfeffer'sPhysiol. Plants I. vii. 358Even for light-loving (*photophilic) plants bright diffuse daylight seems as a general rule to be preferable to strong sunlight.
1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens v. 72Photophilic algae as Pleurococcus, when lichenized would be inhibited by reduced light.
1905 I. B. Balfour tr. C. E. von Goebel's Organogr. Plants II. 463They ..are united by many intermediate stages with ‘*photophilous’ shoots. [ sc. geophilous shoots]
1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens vii. 87The photophilous (light-loving) characteristics of most lichens.
1934 Webster, *Photophily.
1960 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. QuantitativeBiol. XXV. 241/1The phase of strongest responsiveness to temperature in both types coincides with maximum responsiveness to light..: with maximum photophily in long-day plants and maximum scotophily in short-day plants.
1974 Biol. Abstr. LVII. 762/1An ecological scale of photophily was developed.
1897 *Photophob . [ see photophiladj. above.]
1888 Meldola Chem. Photogr. i. (1889) 8*Photo-physical changes requiring more or less time for their completion.
1889 Athenæum 26 Oct. 562/3 The author discriminates between photo-physical changes, that is, those in which the chemical composition of the substance exposed to light is in no way altered, and photo-chemical changes.
1914 S. E. Sheppard Photo-Chem. p. vii,There exists..some difference of opinion as to the desirability of incorporating a discussion of photo-physical and radiation phenomena and laws in a work on photo-chemistry.
1971 Physics Bull. Sept. 546/1 (Advt. ),A comprehensive treatment is given of the interactions of low energy electrons with atoms and molecules, and photophysical processes.
1976 Nature 15 Apr. 654/2 Two chapters deal with photophysical processes: the first is a brief survey of the electronic spectroscopy of complexes.
1961 M. Calvin in McElroy & Glass Symposium on Light & Life 317A discussion of some of the photochemistry and *photophysics of porphyrins.
1970 J. B. Birks Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules p. vii,There are six related subjects concerned with the interaction of radiation with molecular systems: photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology, which deal with optical non-ionizing radiation; and radiation physics, radiation chemistry and radiation biology, which deal with ionizing radiation. Photophysics is the keystone of the structure, since it is an integral constituent of each of the other five subjects.
1937 Nature 25 Sept. 545/2 The familiar Purkinje effect, for which clearly the extracted *photo-pigments form an adequate chemical basis.
1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons'Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxiv. 364It is an inherited condition,..and is probably due to the absence of one of the two photopigments normally found in the foveal cones. [ sc. colour blindness]
1970 Hand & Davenport in P. Halldal Photobiol. of Microorganisms ix. 278The photopigment responsible for photoaxis and photokinesis is probably flavin.
1884 C. G. W. Lock Workshop ReceiptsSer. iii. 180/1The resistance of the whole *photopile is reduced to a minimum.
1884 Knight Dict. Mech. Supp. 675 (title of Fig. 1908)Bell's Photo⁓pile of Receiver.
1971 Time 15 Mar. 46 Light measurements by Pioneer's imaging *photo-polarimeter will enable computers on earth to construct about ten pictures of the planet that will show features as small as 250 miles across. [ sc. Jupiter]
1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C. ) 25 Feb. 5/2In the last 20 hours before closest approach, the spacecraft's imaging photopolarimeter will take 100 pictures of the planet.
1974 Nature 6 Sept. 18/1 The imaging photopolarimeter of Gehrels et al. contained a 2·5 cm telescope which made maps of Jupiter.
1971 Icarus XV. 454 (heading) *Photopolarimetric observations of the minor planet Flora.
1974 Sci. Amer. Feb. 43/1More detailed knowledge of the planet's atmosphere awaits analysis of *photopolarimetry measurements.
1914 Physical Rev. IV. 229The results as a whole confirm the point of view adopted by Richardson and Compton in regard to the relation between *photo- and contact potentials.
1924 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. XXVIII. 333Becquerel was the first to observe that the photo-potential of the silver iodide electrode: electrolyte cell was not always positive.
1976 Nature 9 Sept. 99/2 If we want to use a semiconductor with an optical bandgap, so as to give optimal utilisation of solar radiation.., the maximum photopotential attainable will be ∼0·4 eV.
1924 *Photoprocess . [ see photo-equilibrium above]
1926 Trans. FaradaySoc. XXI. 560Weigert sees in the photosensitisation of ozone decomposition by chlorine, the simplest possible photoprocess.
1959 W. H. Klein in R. B. Withrow Photoperiodism iii. 207 (heading)Interaction of growth factors with photoprocess in seedling growth.
1974 Photochem. & Photobiol. XIX. 441/2 The versatility of flavins as photosensitizers in numerous photoprocesses.
1953 Physical Rev. XCI. 480/2The cross section obtained in this way is modified principally by the presence of terms describing the multiple scattering of the *photo produced mesons.
1973 Physics Bull. July 431/1Modulation excitation (me) spectrophotometry is a technique to measure the absorption spectra of short lived photoproduced transients, such as excited states of molecules.
1926 E. Mayer Clin. Applic. Sunlight iii. 30This action of small doses of radiant energy may be due to toxic ‘*photo-product’.
1941 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXXII. 79The rate of dark adaptation is supposed..to be determined by the concentration of photoproduct present at each moment.
1977 Nature 17 Feb. 660/2 Comparison of spectra taken before and after prolonged irradiation..showed no change in the relative position or intensity of the shoulder, eliminating a permanent photoproduct generated by the high intensity pulse as the species responsible for the shoulder.
1950 Federation Proc. IX. 544/1 (caption)*Photoproduction of H2 from succinate by Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa.
1950 A. S. Bishop Photoproduction of Mesons from Hydrogen (Univ. ofCalif. RadiationLab. , UCRL-874) 5From the measured energy distribution of the mesons at 90°..it is possible to determine the excitation function for photoproduction of mesons at 90°.
1961 Nature 13 May 602/1 Photoproduction of hydrogen gas by photosynthetic cells was first observed..in the green alga Scenedesmus.
1974 Frauenfelder & Henley Subatomic Physics xii. 326 (caption)Total cross sections for the photoproduction of neutral and charged pions from hydrogen, as a function of the incident photon energy.
1966 Shimomura & Johnson in Johnson & Haneda Bioluminescence in Progress 495Solutions of the protein, for which the general term ‘*photoprotein’ is suggested, show a fluorescence maximum at 458 mµ when excited at 350 mµ.
Ibid. 497As a convenient, general designation of the active component in the hydromedusan and Chaetopterus type of system, to which the terms ‘luciferin’ and ‘luciferase’ do not apply in their usual meaning, we propose the term ‘photoprotein’.
1975 Nature 17 July 236/2 The photoprotein aequorin (molecular weight about 30,000) isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea aequorea emits blue light.
1935 Chadwick & Goldhaber in Proc. R.Soc. A. CLI. 480The experimental arrangement for the detection of the protons released from deuterium, which we may for convenience call ‘*photo’-protons, was as follows.
Ibid. ,An estimate of the energy of the photoprotons can be deduced from the measurement of the size of the oscillograph kicks.
1975 Photoproton . [ see photoneutron above]
1844 Dunglison Med. Lex. ,*Photopsia.
1858 Mayne Expos. Lex. 649/1Photopsy.
1889 Lancet 28 Dec. 1331/1 In the optic nerve these conditions cause photopsia or flashes of light, flames, sparks, and stars.
1909 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCV. 442That most remarkable *photo-reaction which Marckwald..has named phototropy.
1925 H. S. Allen Photo-Electricity (ed. 2) xiv. 235Perrin has developed..the view that ‘ordinary’ chemical reactions may be regarded as due to radiation, i.e. they are photo-reactions.
1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants iv. 146The photoreactions which control the induction of flowering in LDP and SDP [ sc. long-day plants] are remarkably similar. [ sc. short-day plants]
1950 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXXVI. 626The *photorecovery after ultra-violet radiation, manifested by the Arbacia egg, seems in all ways parallel to the ‘photoreactivation’ in fungi and bacteria.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 390/1It is probable that photorecovery mechanisms are continually operative in some plants exposed to direct action of sunlight.
1969 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXIV. 1103The enzymic activity of acetylcholinesterase can be *photoregulated through the mediation of photochromic inhibitors of the enzyme.
1957 Bot. Gaz. CXVIII. 207/2Flowering, seed germination, and certain other *photoregulated phenomena.
1970 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVI. 853A systematic study of the interaction of naturally occurring carotenoids with various enzyme systems might provide information useful for an understanding of photoregulated processes found in nature.
1968 Science 27 Dec. 1487 (heading) *Photoregulation of an enzymic process by means of a light-sensitive ligand.
1970 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVI. 850A possible role in photoregulation is suggested for naturally occurring carotenoids.
1959 R. J. Downs in R. B. Withrow Photoperiodism ii. 129The woody plant thus appears to be running two different systems with the same *photoregulator.
1970 Nature 22 Aug. 778/1 Bieth et al. conjecture that carotenoids of animals and plants..might function as photoregulators, controlling diurnal and seasonal changes in metabolic levels.
1967 Mutation Res. IV. 22The impossibility of attaining complete *photorepair of lethal and mutagenic damage raises the important question of whether there is a qualitative difference between damage which is photoreactivable and damage which is not.
1978 Nature 31 Aug. 891/1 Forward mutations at a variety of loci in rad 1–1 yeast are also subject to photorepair.
1966 Adv. RadiationBiol. II. 49The number of *photorepairable lethal lesions in..DNA.
1978 Nature 31 Aug. 890/2 As many as 80% of the extra lys+ revertants are photorepairable and therefore dimer-associated in origin.
1925 Astrophysical Jrnl. LXII. 317 (heading)Apparent *photoresistance effects.
1957 Chem. Abstr. LI. 7134At low levels of ionizing radiation CdS photoresistances exhibited considerable inertness.
1970 New Scientist 14 May 335/1 The rate at which the charge of any photo-element leaks away between sweeps depends upon the value of the photo-resistance.
1978 Nature 23 Mar. 315/1 The light rays impinged on the photoresistances L1 and L2, which formed a bridge circuit with the variable resistances R1 and R2.
1933 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engin. LXXIII. 437/1The first step towards the conversion of the picture into electrical energy was taken by May in 1873, with his discovery of the *photo-resistive property of selenium.
1973 Sci. Amer. Jan. 116/3Selenium and cadmium photocells are more sensitive, but they are of the photoresistive type and require an external source of power.
1959 Chem. Abstr. LIII. 13793 (heading)Germanium *photoresistors.
1965 Lindmayer & Wrigley Fund. Semiconductor Devices x. 384Photoresistors made from nearly intrinsic polycrystalline thin films are very sensitive detectors for the average intensity of a wide source spectrum.
1969 New Scientist 18 Sept. 568/3 Shamer and Fox observed no fringe shift using..sensitive photoresisters to detect the fringe positions.
1977 J. Hedgecoe Photographer'sHandbk. 21 (in figure)Cds photo-resistor cell.
1950 Ann. Rev. PlantPhysiol. I. 43The *photoresponses of plants at different ages or stages of development may be opposite.
1955 Hendricks & Borthwick in Proc. 1stInternat. Photobiol.Congr. i. 23Photoresponses controlling etiolation of plants and germination of seeds are also examples . [ of photoperiodism]
1971 Jrnl. Appl. Physics XLII. 568/2Additional silver increases the photoresponse.
1976 Nature 19 Aug. 680/2 For photoresponse spectra, electrodes were illuminated by 400-Hz chopped, monochromatic radiation.
1955 Hendricks & Borthwick in Proc. 1stInternat. Photobiol.Congr. i. 31Flowering in *photo-responsive plants can be controlled through a single leaf in the presence of other leaves.
1974 Nature 26 Apr. 800/2 If the cells of D. discoideum are broken gently in a Dounce homogenizer, the photoresponsive pigment sediments with the mitochondrial fraction collected by differential centrifugation between 6,000 and 10,000 g.
1972 Science 27 Oct. 421/2 Severance of the optic nerve in immature male ducks decreased the *photoresponsiveness to one-fifth of the normal.
1954 Bot. Gaz. CXV. 216/2 (heading)*Photoreversal of promotion and inhibition of germination of Grand Rapids lettuce seed at 20°C. after irradiation at 26° and 6°–8°.
1966 Adv. RadiationBiol. II. 20The direct nonenzymatic photoreversal of UV damage to DNA.
1954 Hendricks & Borthwick in D. Rudnick Aspects of Synthesis & Order in Growth vii. 159Some further details about the several *photoreversibilities.
1955 Plant Physiol. XXX. 468 (heading)Photoreversibility of leaf and hypocotyl elongation of dark grown red kidney bean seedlings.
1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants iv. 108Extracts of leaves of several species have been found to show photoreversibility.
1954 Hendricks & Borthwick in D. Rudnick Aspects of Synthesis & Order in Growth vii. 154The cuticle coloration response..is *photoreversible.
1966 Adv. RadiationBiol. II. 21The photoreversible effects of UV on cytoplasmic entities of cells..formerly suggested RNA damages.
1972 W. Shropshire in Mitrakos & Shropshire Phytochrome p. v,Phytochrome is a photoreversible pigment which can exist in two principal forms.
1962 Instrument Pract. XVI. 1519/2 (heading)Subminiature *photosensors.
1964 New Scientist 4 June 594/2 The photo-sensor is simply a detector which changes light into an electrical signal... Several types exist, such as photo-emissive cells, photo-conductors, photo-voltaic cells, and photo-transistors.
1975 Physics Bull. Feb. 82/3The solid state cameras..replace the bulky Vidicon tube normally used by an array of 104 photosensors, which have a broad spectral response.
1919 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. I. 556The *photosensory responses of an animal like Mya.
1972 Internat. Jrnl. Neurosci. III. 145 (heading)Photosensory cell of the flatworm ocellus.
1953 Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry CIX. 744/1Although the method for producing convulsions (*photoshock) presented here may be considered similar to that of Metrazol shock, it is our impression that this modified procedure has several possible advantages.
1955 Sci. NewsLet. 21 May 325/1Instead of electric current, a flashing light is used for ‘photo-shock’ treatment.
1936 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XX. 52The ammoniacal retina bleaches more slowly than the neutral tissue. This difference cannot be ascribed to induced *photostability in the visual purple itself.
1965 J. B. Thomas Primary Photoprocesses inBiol. iv. 85The acid-resistance as well as the photostability of suspensions of such native chlorophyll are much higher than those of dissolved chlorophyll.
1977 Protecting World's Crops (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 2Recently, however, compounds have been synthesized which combine with photostability remarkable activity against insects.
1921 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. III. 380The filters are quite *photostable. But in order to avoid any possible bleaching effect, a shutter is placed between the light source and the filter.
1973 Photostable . [ see photocatalysedppl. adj. s.v. photocatalyse v.]
1924 Trans. FaradaySoc. XX. 112The decomposition of sulphur dioxide gas under the action of light radiated from a uviol mercury lamp has been investigated, and the resulting *photostationary state, characteristic of a given set of conditions, determined, using a number of different light filters.
1972 W. Haupt in Mitrakos & Shropshire Phytochrome xxi. 561Whenever a randomly distributed population of phytochrome molecules is irradiated, light is absorbed by Pr and Pfr to different extents... This difference leads to a photostationary state of Pfr/P which depends only on the wavelength and which can therefore be predicted precisely.
1956 Nature 21 Jan. 143/1 Attempts to *photostimulate tropical birds have been rare, and the results confusing.
1971 New Scientist 29 July 255/1 Since it seems that the timing of a light stimulus rather than its duration might be important it is conceivable that a bird could be photostimulated with even very small daily doses of light that would normally be non-stimulatory.
1959 D. S. Farner in R. B. Withrow Photoperiodism x. 729In domestic ducks..both ocular and encephalic receptors are involved in *photostimulated testicular development.
1970 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVI. 850 (caption)Photostimulated cis-trans isomerism.
1967 Ibid. LVIII. 2129The initial *photostimulating step..is postulated as being followed at some stage by release of a ‘hormone’, the hypothetical ‘florigen’.
1937 Jrnl. Exper. Biol. XIV. 86Many shallow-water teleosts,..when blinded, show a pigmentary response to *photostimulation.
1955 Sci. NewsLet. 21 May 325/1The flashing light shock is given after patients have had injected into their veins the drug, Azozol... Results were compared with..another group given less intensive ‘photostimulation’, in which smaller quantities of the drug were used and the light flashes were interrupted oftener.
1959 D. S. Farner in R. B. Withrow Photoperiodism x. 724These investigations suggest that photostimulation of gonadal development does not involve entirely the same receptors as are involved in vision.
1967 Psychol. Abstr. XLI. 1499/1The role of intermediary structures of the brain in the formation of certain functional relationships in the human CNS was studied, employing single, rhythmic, and interrupted photostimulation in Ss with lesions of the diencephalic region and brain stem.
1971 Nature 18 June 465/1 The lamp of the *photo-stimulator was above and behind an animal's head at 110 cm from the centre of the hemisphere.
1976 Ibid. 3 June 423/2*Photostimulatory cues..influence the hypothalamic input to the pars intermedia.
1939 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engin. LXXXV. 472/2The optical picture to be transmitted is focused on a continuous transparent *photo-surface.
1952 Electronic Engin. XXIV. 302/1The spectral response curves of these photosurfaces are compared.
1970 Proc. IEEE LVIII. 1794/1The AgOCs photocathode, the only photosurface to give appreciable response beyond 1 micron until recently.
1886 Athenæum 3 July 21/1 An account of Prof. Newcomb's determination..of the velocity of light. The apparatus employed, to which the name of ‘*phototachometer’ was given.
1882 Harkness in Nature 30 Nov. 117/2The solar parallax..cannot be regarded as exactly known until the results obtained from trigonometrical,..and *phototachymetrical methods are in perfect harmony.
1929 Telegraph & Telephone Jrnl. XVI. 3/2*Photo-telegrams will have to be charged by space measurement instead of the number of words.
1948 Post Office Guide 283 A reply voucher issued with a phototelegram may be used to prepay an ordinary telegram.
1968 Guardian 10 Apr. 8/3 To quote the bleak prose of Her Majesty's Post Office, ‘Telex—no service. Phototelegrams—no service. Telephone—no service.’
1909 Electrical Mag. XII. 249/1 (heading)The Sémat *phototelegraph.
1949 Post Office Electr. Engineers'Jrnl. XLI. 189 (heading)The Post Office phototelegraph service to Europe.
1959 J. W. Freebody Telegr. xiii. 538/2 (heading)The Muirhead-Jarvis photo-telegraph equipment.
1909 Electrical Mag. XI. 57/1New York, Chicago, and other cities are now about to commence *photo-telegraphic trials.
1940 Wireless World Sept. 398/3 The clarity of reception, at a distance of 12,000 miles, of photographs transmitted from the West Base of the U.S. Navy Antarctic Expedition, is attributed to the use of a recently developed phototelegraphic technique to counteract selective fading of the carrier frequency.
1886 W. Gemmill Brit. Pat. 4841 6It will be seen that the system of *photo-telegraphy opens up an entirely new field in telegraphy, namely the actual reproduction of photographs through the medium of electrically conducting wires.
1930 Post Office Electr. Engineers'Jrnl. XXIII. 1/2British newspapers using photo-telegraphy transmit to and from London and their provincial offices using ‘Four-Wire’ telephone circuits.
1976 R. N. Renton Telegr. iv. 60/1Telephone circuits are used as the ‘bearer’ circuits for multiplex telegraph systems and for phototelegraphy.
1904 Daily Chron. 26 Sept. 5/5Further experiments in *phototherapeutics dealt with the bactericidal effects of concentrated violet rays in cases of lupus.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 796The latest addition to our practical resources is the ‘*photo⁓therapy’ of Finsen of Copenhagen.
1903 Westm. Gaz. 24 June 9/1The new cure of lupus by phototherapy has been most successful.
1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 359The *photothermic energy in the luminous spectrum.
1942 S. Epstein in Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. V. 290,I propose the term ‘*phototoxicity’ for the primary, non-allergic photosensitivity, and ‘*phototoxic reaction’ for the effect produced by this mechanism... Phototoxic reactions apply indiscriminately to all individuals.
1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. xxvii. 471Demeclocycline has been shown to cause phototoxicity in some patients, where severe burns develop when susceptible patients are exposed to sunlight.
1976 Arch. Dermatol. CXII. 327/1The duration of methoxsalen's phototoxic potentiality, after its application to skin, varied in direct proportion to chemical concentration.
1962 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. LXVI. 2470The results indicate the occurrence of consecutive and concurrent *phototransformations and thermal interconversions between stereoisomers of the colored modification.
1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants vi. 215The general conclusion..is that the phototransformation of phytochrome may very rapidly lead to an alteration of membrane properties.
1973 Physics Bull. July 431/1It is obvious that for light induced species with large lifetimes, a simple dc method would suffice to measure their absorption. However, with the short lifetimes associated with excited states, the changes occurring in dc current by the absorption of the *phototransient will be much smaller than the noise.
1975 Nature 25 Dec. 767/2 Evidence was obtained that this phenomenon is a consequence of an overlap from a shorter lived phototransient (maximum about 530 nm) which is the precursor of the 410-nm species.
1941 R. P. Hall in Calkins & Summers Protozoa inBiol. Res. ix. 477Some appear to be obligate *phototrophs. [ chlorophyll-bearing protozoa]
1965 A. H. Rose Chem. Microbiol. iii. 39Only a minority of micro-organisms including algae and photosynthetic bacteria and protozoa are able to utilize directly the energy of solar radiation. These organisms are described as phototrophs to distinguish them from chemotrophs.
1975 Nature 7 Aug. 463/2 This versatility would give it a clear advantage over other blue-green algae (mostly obligate phototrophs) as well as over bacteria.
1939 H. W. Harvey in P. D. Trask Recent Marine Sediments ii. 145Although plants are occasionally found down to considerable depths, they can only grow and increase down to a depth to which sufficient light penetrates. In clear blue-green water of temperate regions this *phototrophic zone may extend down to 30 or 50 meters in summer time.
1965 Pelczar & Reid Microbiol. (ed. 2) vi. 496/2Phototrophic organisms are regarded as the most important plankton organisms since they are the primary producers of organic matter via photosynthesis.
1972 Phototrophic . [ see photolithotropicadj. above]
1973 Biochim. & Biophys. Acta CCCXXX. 80 (heading) Membrane differentiation in *phototrophically growing Rhodospirillum rubrum during transition from low to high light intensity.
1947 *phototrophy . [ see photolithotrophy above]
1959 Lamanna & Mallette BasicBacteriol. (ed. 2) xi. 467 (heading)Phototrophy.
1923 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. XXVII. 601The terms ‘Becquerel effect’ and ‘*photo-voltaic effect’ have been used to distinguish between the light-sensitive systems of the electrode-electrolyte type and the well known ‘Hallwachs effect’ or ‘photo-electric effect’. Cells having one or more light-sensitive electrodes of the former type are able to convert radiant energy into electrical energy and have been called ‘photo-voltaic cells’.
1943 D. H. Jacobs Fund. OpticalEngin. xxiii. 377Some problems in instrument design call for vacuum or gas-filled photoemissive cells, and some call for photovoltaic cells.
1953 Amos & Birkinshaw TelevisionEngin. I. iii. 41An electrode may, however, be sensitive to light in other ways; for example, it may be photo-voltaic, i.e. , develop e.m.f. s when illuminated.
1957 Proc. Inst. Electr. Engin. CIV. B. 467/1In 1839 Becquerel had found that, when light fell on two metal electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, a potential difference was established between them; this is now known as the photo-voltaic effect.
1964 Oceanogr. & MarineBiol. II. 359Clark (1933) demonstrated the correlation between diurnal migration of plankton and changes in submarine irradiation by means of a photo-voltaic cell.
1977 Undercurrents June–July 8/2 A comparison of fast breeder reactor technology with photo-voltaic (solar cell) technology neatly illustrates the two poles of opinion.
1978 Solar Energy (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 5A second way of using sunlight is *photovoltaically—the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity.
1973 Physics Bull. Jan. 53/3Papers are invited on the following areas: *photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, electrochemical conversion, . [ etc.]
1978 Telegraph (Brisbane) 16 May 6/2 Photovoltaics is the dream form of solar power—a single cell without moving parts, silent, reliable and pollution free.
1978 Nature 13 July 117/1 The United States administration is clearly determined to make a success of photovoltaics.
1892 Woodbury Encycl. Phot. 503*Photo-Aquatint, a process for printing pictures from intaglio copperplates.
1897 Daily News 4 Oct. 6/4 The bichromate process, to which has been given the name ‘Photo-Aquatint’ because there is practically nothing used but pure water-colour fixed by the effect of light acting through a negative.
1878 H. Stevens ( title)*Photo-Bibliography, or a Word on Printed Card Catalogues of Old, Rare, Beautiful and Costly Books, etc., with reduced facsimiles of some famous Works issued during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.
1891 Athenæum 10 Jan. 53/2 The subject of photo-bibliography was one of his pet hobbies. [ H. Stevens's]
1958 L. Vining in NewnesCompl. Amat.Photogr. xx. 182Theatre photography can be divided into two classes—*photo calls when you have control of the actors and lights, and photographing from the stalls during the performance, when you have no control of anything.
1966 ‘S. Harvester’ Treacherous Road i. 22A string of camels kept motionless against the burnt yellow sky, well-trained as pop singers on a photo-call.
1971 Times 8 Sept. 3 Sir Bernard, who plays Iago, promised that the official photocall next week would reveal all of Miss Stevenson, and a very lyrical and beautiful sight it would be.
1977 J. Hedgecoe Photographer'sHandbk. 93Most photography of theatrical productions takes place under one of two distinct sets of conditions—during an actual public performance, or during a dress rehearsal or specially staged ‘photo-call’.
1895 Daily News 9 May 3/6 The Princess of Wales has consented to lend her Collection of *Photo-Ceramics to the Exhibition of Photography.
1894 Amer. Ann. Photog. 143A *photo-ceramist of no ordinary merit.
1959 L. M. Harrod Librarians'Gloss. (ed. 2) 208*Photo-charger, an electrical machine for recording the loan of books on microfilm.
1967 L. V. Paulin in W. L. Saunders Librarianship inBrit. Today i. 4The introduction of more photochargers.
1955 W. Ashworth Handbk. Special Librarianship xii. 319Such devices as audio-charging..and *photo-charging..have been used in America in public libraries.
1967 C. R. Eastwood Mobile Libraries ix. 94Photocharging is widely used on American mobile libraries but not in Britain.
1894 Athenæum 4 Aug. 165/3 Comparing the present *photo-charts with others obtained by the same processes after the lapse of several years. [ of stars]
1967 Surveyor III ( U.S. Nat. Aeronaut. & SpaceAdmin. SP-146) iii. 16 (caption)*Photoclinometric profiles of the Surveyor III landing site. Profiles were calculated from photometric measurements of Lunar Orbiter III photograph H154..(*photoclinometry by H. E. Holt and S. G. Priebe).
1974 Nature 10 May 132/1 The development of inferred topography on the basis of the brightness distribution in the image of a surface exhibiting diffuse reflection, and a knowledge of the quantitative law of light scattering for the kind of surface under scrutiny, has been called photoclinometry by common agreement over the past few years. (The word ‘photoclinometry’ is due to J. F. McCauley...) An operational photoclinometric theory adapted to light scattering properties peculiar to the Moon was worked out..several years ago.
1975 Times 18 June 2/2 A group..specializing in lunar and planetry sciences at Lancaster University..is using a method known as photoclinometry to measure the profiles and heights of hills, craters, ridges and cliffs ; the process depends on assessing subtle changes in brightness of the ground and rocks on the pictures. [ on Mercury]
1881 Abney Photogr. 186By a *photo-collotype process is meant a ‘surface printing’ process, by which prints are obtained from the surface of a film of gelatine, or other kindred substance.
1873 E. Spon Workshop ReceiptsSer. i. 270/1*Photo-Crayon Portraits.
1892 Woodbury Encycl. Phot. 503Photo Crayon Process, a photographic transparency on glass.. afterwards backed up with white paper, on which a number of lines, hatchings, or stippling were lithographed, giving the portrait the appearance of a crayon work. [ was]
1898 Westm. Gaz. 13 July 8/1A *photo-decorated tile company in Staffordshire.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo-electrotype, a process in which a photographic picture is produced in relief so as to afford, by electro-deposition, a matrix for a cast, from which impressions in ink may be obtained.
1865 in Abridgm. Specif. Patents,Photogr. (1872) 118An improved *photo-electro⁓typing process.
1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 427A dozen African explorers could be fitted out with the now indispensable *photo-equipment.
1976 Publishers Weekly 2 Aug. 104/1 Mexican landscape architect Luis Barragán..in a major book... Seven of his most characteristic works—each briefly prefaced and explored at length in a *photo-essay.
Ibid. 4 Oct. 65/3Seven sumptuous photo-essays (more than 300 pictures, many in color).
1977 C. McFadden Serial (1978) ix. 24/2Michael Bry would..do this photo essay on her.
1889 *Photo-etch . [ see photo-engraving]
1900 Athenæum 21 July 92/1 The plates..have been photo-etched from the author's drawings.
1889 Year Bk. Photogr. 158One difficulty which *photo-etchers have to contend against in the City is the vibration caused by the incessant traffic.
1896 Daily News 19 Dec. 3/5 A skilful *photo-etching..after the picture of ‘The Ferry’.
1959 K. Henney RadioEngin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxiii. 1*Photofacsimile systems reproduce the subject copy on photographic papers or films.
1971 Science 6 Aug. 529/2 These transmissions, known as the DRIR (direct readout infrared) data, can be displayed on a photofacsimile recorder, which produces a continuous strip image.
1973 Nature 16 Feb. 434/2 His youthful German collaborator made a fair copy of Copernicus's precious autograph (now splendidly reproduced in photofacsimile).
1883 Athenæum 27 Jan. 124/2 A new process..named ‘*photo-filigrane’, for producing the water-mark in paper by a photographic process.
1942 Radiology XXXVIII. 453/2 The initial scrutiny of routine *photofluorograms by the staff radiologist will provide him with an objective means of determining which of all patients..should be referred for searching x-ray examination of the chest.
1975 B. W. Gayler in E. J. Potchen Current Concepts inRadiol. II. vii. 131For many years, mass survey and screening chest radiographs were taken as 70 mm photofluorograms.
1941 Med. Jrnl. Austral. I. 267/2The method of focusing is to make *photofluorographs of a wire mesh mounted immediately in front of the fluorescent screen holder.
1972 Science 16 June 1186/3 The American public would be exposed to hundreds of thousands of unnecessary chest photofluorographs each year.
1945 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenology L. 405/2A subject 20 cm. in thickness *photofluorographed with the roentgen machine operating at 90 kv.
1957 Ibid. LXXVII. 1079/1,101 persons were photofluorographed.
1941 Med. Jrnl. Austral. I. 267/2The four inches by five inches *photofluorographic unit incorporates a special 14 inches by 17 inches fluorescent screen.
1954 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXVII. 459/1An attempt to reduce cost of routine examinations..by employing the photofluorographic method.
1972 J. E. Cullinan Illustr. Guide X-Ray Technics i. 24/1A photofluorographic unit is a quick, efficient way to accomplish mass survey chest radiography.
1949 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenology LXI. 186/1All patients above the age of forty..will be examined *photofluorographically.
1941 Med. Jrnl. Austral. I. 266/1*Photofluorography opens up a new avenue of examination to the wage-earning class.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 462/2Photofluorography and television observation can take place simultaneously by means of separate apertures, and thus observation of what is being photographed is achieved.
1896 J. M. Bleyer in N.Y. Med. Jrnl. LXIII. 540/1The *photo-fluoroscope is an instrument which differs from all other fluoroscopes in the fact that it allows a direct shadow picture to be taken from the screen on the fluoroscope, after it is focused through the screen, and the image is seen on the ground glass in the photographic focusing box.
1933 O. Glasser Sci. ofRadiol. i. 10J. M. Bleyer of New York built his photofluoroscope which was destined to become the predecessor of the roentgen moving picture camera.
1955 G. L. Clark Appl. X-Rays (ed. 4) ix. 197 (heading)*Photofluoroscopy (indirect radiography).
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. &Technol. XI. 302/2The photography of the fluorescent image, as in mass chest examinations, is called photofluoroscopy.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo-gelatine Process, one in which gelatine, prepared chemically, usually by the bichromate of potash, is made to receive a photographic image.
1926 A. W. Judge StereoscopicPhotogr. xviii. 218The effect of tilting and swinging the plate in the *photogoniometer is such as to render the angular measurements..the same as if the view had been taken on a vertical plate.
1927 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments IV. 273 (heading)A universal X-ray photogoniometer... Combining: apparatus for single crystal rotation photographs—Laue photographs—X-ray spectrometry—powder photographs—photographs of crystal aggregates, metals, materials, etc.
1933 A. R. Hinks Maps & Survey (ed. 3) xii. 243The machines which have been developed during the last few years all utilise..the principle of the Bildmesstheodolit, otherwise called the Photogoniometer, in which the plates are viewed through objectives identical with those which took them.
1939 Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 150The American Geographical Society first of all made a photogoniometer (Bild-Theodolit) on a somewhat novel principle.
1970 Chem. Abstr. LXXIII. 305/2A single-circle universal photogoniometer with vertical crystal-bearing attachment,..was devised.
1939 Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 242The first extensive photographic survey was that of the stars, made by Kapteyn..with a *photogoniometric machine he built about 1890.
1968 Chem. Abstr. LXIX. 6626/2 (heading)Photogoniometric investigation of a crystal surface.
Ibid. ,A goniometric study of crystals is rarely made because labs. often have no goniometer. The goniometric method in many cases can be replaced by photogoniometry.
1939 B. B. Talley Engin. Applic. Aerial &Terrestr. Photogrammetry ii. 9 (caption)*Photogoniometry by the method of Porro and Koppe.
1874 ( title)Specimens of *Photo-Graphotype Engraving.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo-hyalotype.
1888 Athenæum 14 July 69 Reproduced, with no remarkable success, by the *photo-ink process.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo⁓intaglio Engraving, a process in which, by photographic means, lines are etched in a plate to be subsequently filled with ink and printed by the copperplate printing-press.
1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 181An early photo-intaglio process.
1923 Photogrammetric Engin. VIII. 27The..function of exploiting and developing the intelligence from the aerial photos falls within the sphere of *photo interpretation units.
1959 Proc. Geologists'Assoc. LXX. 144It may be necessary..to complete a preliminary photo-interpretation before planning ground traverses.
1966 Daily Tel. 20 Aug. 14/5These pictures will form stereo-pairs and can be analysed by standard techniques of photo-interpretation to give maximum information about the terrain on which American astronauts may land.
1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 21/2The cost of hardware and manpower for photo⁓interpretation..will remain high.
1959 Proc. Geologists'Assoc. LXX. 144The best practice is a judicious combination of *photo-interpretative methods and geological field mapping.
1942 Photogrammetric Engin. VIII. 26While the aerial camera sees all, it is the *photo interpreter who must know all and tell all.
1957 Ibid. XXIII. 933A mathematical proof is presented for the statement that differential parallaxes smaller than 0·001 inch cannot be detected by average photo-interpreters.
1977 Sci. Amer. Sept. 57/1Only the wide curve it must make on slopes betrays it to the photointerpreter.
1967 Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. (Comic Section), I subjected the film to the usual *photo-interpretive analysis.
1944 K. Hubschmann in A. Kraszna-Krausz Photogr. as Career 118My friend proved an excellent teacher of the essentials of *photo-journalism.
1958 M. F. Harker in NewnesCompl. Amat.Photogr. xiii. 140The present trend of photo-journalism which attempts to put over human stories in pictures rather than words.
1976 National Observer ( U.S. ) 11 Sept. 20/1This colorful chap is Nelson Wadsworth, who teaches photojournalism, magazine writing, and investigative reporting at Brigham Young University in Utah.
1977 Time 12 Dec. 60/2 World War II was the longest-running story in the history of Life, the magazine that practically invented photojournalism.
1959 C. B. Neblette Photogr. Lens Manual ii. 25After the 50 mm, the 35 mm medium wide-angle, or wide-field lens is undoubtedly the most useful to..the *photojournalist.
1963 A. E. Woolley Creative 35mm Techniques III. 113/2At all times a photojournalist is aware of the maximum emotion or conflict of the subject of the story.
1974 Nat. Geographic Aug. 252At last I am here in North Korea, the first American photojournalist to gain entry into a country cloistered from the non-Communist world for a quarter of a century.
1978 New York 3 Apr. 32/3 Micha Bar Am/Harold Edgerton/Frank Rinehart—Begin and Sadat by this Mid-East photojournalist.
1859 Sat. Rev. 26 Feb. 243/1A process well worth attention..its result may be called a *Photo-litho-type.
1960 News Chron. 10 Oct. 4/1Paris-Match, the most powerful *photo⁓magazine in Europe.
1969 Amat. Photographer 28 May 26/3 Few of the present-day casual photographers and snapshotters do their own processing. The photographic trade and the photo-magazines do not encourage it.
1939 B. B. Talley Engin. Applic. Aerial &Terrestr. Photogrammetry xix. 521When this becomes economically feasible encouragement should be given to the development of ‘*photo-maps’ to which may be added contours.
1955 Times 1 Aug. 6/1 The first 200 photographic sky charts..are being sent to observatories all over the world, and when the atlas is completed in 1956 it will include 1,758 such ‘photomaps’.
1969 Nature 16 Aug. 668/1 (caption) Satellite photomap of the Tucson, Arizona, area with transport network superimposed. The map is based on a photograph taken..from Gemini V.
1870 H. M. Parkhurst Amer. Jrnl. Sci. Ser. ii. XLIX. 38The motion of the diaphragm may be produced..by the star-key of my star-mapper; and this constitutes the *Photo-mapper.
Ibid. 39In *photo-mapping I place the prism always in the meridian.
1899 Daily News 6 June 8/4 The photo⁓mapping of the heavens by the Astrographic Equatorial.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo-metallograph, see Photo⁓zincograph.
1859 Sat. Rev. 26 Feb. 242/2*Photo-metallography.
1890 Pall Mall G. 4 Aug. 6/2 A *photomezzotype of Mrs. General Booth.
1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 428That perfected form of collotype which the company has christened ‘photomezzotype’.
1893 Nation ( N.Y. ) 13 July 34/1The..photomezzotype plates give us pictures of the Great Barrier Reef..of the greatest beauty.
1958 New Scientist 13 Nov. 1247/3 The *photomosaic is being assembled now.
1962 Times 17 May 10/3 The leading aircraft, navigating on a photo-mosaic.
1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 132/3This is the planet Mars, drawn from Mariner 9 photomosaics.
1977 Time 17 Oct. 45/1 Among the pictures released by NASA: a photomosaic of the planet's north pole, showing a concentric pattern of striations in the ice cap.
1935 W. D. Morgan et al. Leica Manual 469 (caption)*Photomurals with the Leica.
1937 Archit. Rev. LXXXI. 86The true photo-mural... This new process of mural decoration, which can now be said to have passed the experimental stage, has its chief virtue in that the design is projected direct on to the wall surface. The surface is first sprayed with photo-sensitive emulsion, and the photograph printed on it much in the same way as an ordinary camera enlargement.
1960 House & Garden Oct. 65/1 For ease of hanging, these photomurals are printed on lightweight white base paper.
1976 National Observer ( U.S. ) 24 Apr. 24/2Once inside, the visitor encounters giant photomurals, three-quarter mock-ups of building exteriors, . [ etc.]
1890 Athenæum 29 Mar. 408/2 Reference was..made to Mr. J. B. Jordan's form of sunshine recorder, and to Capt. Abney's *photo-nephograph.
1933 J. S. A. Salt Simple Method Surveying from AirPhotogr. xi. 130The names..are printed photographically in a *Photonymograph... Names may be printed in a variety of sizes and styles on a strip of sensitized paper. The alphabet..and any other signs..are contained on a master-disc. With the disc in position, each letter in turn is brought into position and an exposure made... The strips are developed and fixed..and then show a series of names in various sizes and styles.
1963 Record ( Oxf. Univ. Press) Dec. 2/3The Drawing Office has installed a ‘photonymograph’ (a device whose development was in fact sponsored by the Cartographic section) to produce its lettering and so free draughtsmen for drawing.
1971 Monkhouse & Wilkinson Maps & Diagrams (ed. 3) i. 64The new model..of the Photonymograph (developed from a machine which appeared in its earliest form over thirty years ago) is made by Barr and Stroud, Ltd.
1862 Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xiv. 53Plans reduced by photography, photozincographs, and *photopapyrographs.
1862 Scott & James Photo-zincographyPref. 6The discovery of the art of *Photo-papyrography was the result of an accident.
1889 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 427*Photophane is a photo-mechanical process allied (but superior) to collotype.
1918 Physical Rev. XI. 137 (heading)Images on silvered *photo-plate.
1974 Nature 20 Dec. 698/2 Organochlorine compounds may be identified at low concentrations in crude extracts of natural samples by a high resolution mass spectrometric method involving photoplate detection.
1888 Ld. R. Gower (title)‘Bric-a-brac’, or some *Photoprints illustrating Art Objects at Gower Lodge, Windsor.
1889 Athenæum 20 July 91/2 The book is embellished with six photoprint illustrations.
1884 Knight Dict. Mech. Supp.,*Photo-printing Process.
1875 Ibid. ,*Photo-processes.
1897 Daily News 1 Apr. 5/4 Photo-process classes for the instruction of all comers actually engaged in any branch of the photo-mechanical, photographic, designing, lithographic, engraving, and printing crafts.
1924 Glasgow Herald 13 Dec. 9 The signature was that of Sir Robert Kindersley, whose *photo-radiogram read—‘My warmest greetings.—R. M. Kindersley.’ The message and signature accompanied a radio photo of Sir Robert.
1925 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 26 May 803/1Radio⁓corporation of America, New York, N.Y. Filed Jan. 13, 1925. Photoradiogram... Pictures, drawings, and facsimiles transmitted by radio. Claims use since Nov. 30, 1924.
1926 Daily News 1 May 5/6 Most of the photoradiograms sent from this side during the night will appear in American newspapers today.
1927 Daily Express 16 Dec. 1, December 21 is the latest date for handing in Christmas photo-radiograms at Marconi offices.
1946 War Report (B.B.C.) vi. 149 Then on Sunday evening one of our *photo-recce Spitfires was shot down in German territory.
1971 N.Y. Times 13 June iv. 37We have a high priority requirement for night photorecce of key motorable routes in Laos.
1944 Sci. NewsLet. 19 Aug. 117/3*Photo reconnaissance supplies information regarding the strength of enemy troops.
1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars xvi. 209I'm going to suggest a photo⁓reconnaissance of all the..forests.
1973 Sci. Amer. Feb. 14/2The main restrictions imposed by both of the SALT I agreements can be..monitored largely by means of sensors carried on board such orbiting photoreconnaissance systems.
1875 tr. Vogel'sChem. Light xv. 230The Production of *Photo-Reliefs.
1881 Abney Photogr. xxvii. 186Mr. Dallas..has produced photo-relief blocks for the reproduction of half-tone prints.
1892 Woodbury Encycl. Phot. 538The Woodbury process is often termed a photo-relief one.
1960 Spectator 17 June 886 The great *photo-reportage magazines have now..largely relinquished their commanding position to television.
1960 L. Durrell Spirit of Place (1969) 162,I remember seeing a photo-reportage in Life magazine once which dealt with the extraordinary changes in physique which immigrants to the U.S. A. underwent.
1966 Punch 6 Apr. 498/1 One of the many technical hazards which are endemic in photo-reportage are bound to materialise in full force.
1957 T. L. J. Bentley Man. Miniature Camera (ed. 5) iv. 41The few models which incorporate a motor drive create totally new possibilities of rapid-sequence pictures which may be quite invaluable in..records of sporting events and *photo-reporting for journalistic purposes.
1886 Pall Mall G. 4 Oct. 10/1 Instantaneous photographs of Russian life, taken by the *photo-revolver invented by K. Brandil, photographer to the Warsaw Imperial University.
1889 Pall Mall G. 11 Jan. 6/2 A curious photographic apparatus, in which a camera is raised by a rocket and lowered by a parachute... For securing bird's-eye views the *photo-rocket offers several important advantages over balloon photography.
1956 Radiol. LXVI. 737/2 (heading)*Photoscan (superimposed on roentgenogram) shows lesion to be thyroid tissue rather than metastasis from breast.
1974 Cancer Res. XXXIV. 1/1The photoscans showed an increased uptake of radioactivity over the tumors.
1959 Internat. Jrnl. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes IV. 154 (heading)A versatile, high-contrast *photoscanner for the localization of human tumors with radioisotopes.
1966 Sci. News 12 Nov. 400The gamma rays coming from the abnormal portions of bone are detected by a photoscanner that is passed externally over the body. Any portion of bone that gives off gamma rays is considered diseased. X-rays, in contrast, work by showing changes in bone density.
1956 Internat. Jrnl. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes I. 137/1A *photo scanning device has been devised which presents a 150% increase in picture density as the result of a 10% increase in count rate.
1967 Times 19 Sept. 9 Photo⁓scanning using radioactive isotopes can tell us if cancer is present in such organs as the thyroid gland, the liver and the brain.
1974 Cancer Res. XXXIV. 1/1Radiolabeled nonantibody components of heterospecific IgG can be localized in certain tumors and normal tissues by photoscanning.
1883 Pall Mall G. 6 Dec. 5/1 Comparing some of the originals with the *photosculptural copies.
1863 in Abridgm. Specif. Patents,Photogr. (1872) 70*photo-sculpture. [ This invention (of François Willèms) relates to]
1864 Round Table 18 June 12/2 Busts and figures in clay, modeled by a new process called Photosculpture, exhibiting a new and charming development of heliographic art.
1875 tr. Vogel'sChem. Light xv. 231This photo-sculpture, as it is called, can only be carried out imperfectly.
1881 Abney Photogr. 282The spectroscope and camera are rigidly connected one with another... This completes the *photo⁓spectroscopic arrangement.
Ibid. 263*Photo-spectroscopy..has two aspects: in one it is the study as to the sensitiveness of compounds to the influence of different portions of the spectrum; in the other, the study of the spectrum itself.
1913 Chem. Abstr. VII. 3862App for copying the surface of a solid body from a *photostereogram. [ aratus]
1939 B. B. Talley Engin. Applic. Aerial &Terrestr. Photogrammetry xix. 526 (caption)The Nistri *photostereograph.
1963 W. K. Kilford Elem. Air Survey xi. 265 (caption)The photostereograph (Beta/2) coupled with coordinate computer on the left and plotting table and coordinate plotter on right.
1933 A. R. Hinks Maps & Survey (ed. 3) xii. 243 (heading)Recent developments in *photostereographic surveying.
1940 War Illustr. 19 Jan. 627 (heading)*Photo-story of the life and death of a U-boat.
1972 Guardian 24 Mar. 12/6 The photo-story in 7 Days left one with a powerful impression.
1973 D. Matias tr. C. Metz in Screen Spring/Summer 197Image-languages..figurative drawing,..television, photography, the photo-story etc.
1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 236Join a society which has undertaken the ‘*photo-survey’ of its district, and do your part.
1893 Fichel in Chatauquan XIII. 318The photo-connecting lens of 33 inch diameter being placed over the 36 inch telescope, thus turning it into a *phototelescope.
1894 Athenæum 10 Feb. 183/2 The Compton 8-inch photo⁓telescope has been used for photographing stars suspected of variation.
1892 Ibid. 5 Mar. 311/3A *photo-theodolite, an instrument equally well adapted for geodetic and astronomical measurements, and invaluable for taking panoramic views of mountain regions.
1942 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenology LXVIII. 220/1A new instrument, a photoelectric timing mechanism, capable of regulating automatically the length of roentgenographic exposure time has been developed... The photoelectric timing mechanism, or *phototimer, is a modification of the roentgenographic exposure meter.
1949 Britannica Bk. of Year 687/2Photo-timer, an electrical device which photographs the finish of a race and supplies the elapsed time from start to finish.
1958 Times 22 Aug. 4/1 The race..should be started farther back from the bend, in spite of the cost of moving the electrical photo-timer.
1892 Woodbury Encycl. Phot. 531A little *photo-transfer ink is mixed with turpentine.
1875 Knight Dict. Mech. ,*Photo-vitrotype.
1865 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 510/1*Photo-Xylography, is the application of photography to wood-engraving.
1888 Chem. Photogr. (1889) 52It is known that moisture accelerates the photo-decomposition.
1972 New Scientist 5 Oct. 41/2 (heading) Photo-degradable plastic carriers.
1975 Rånby & Rabek Photodegradation ix. 361The development of methods for making plastics which are photodegradable to form harmless and biologically useful chemical compounds is of great interest.
1962 J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics xviii. 303The resin exerts a considerable protective influence even in presence of those vat dyes whose action accelerates photo-degradation of cellulose.
1975 Physics Bull. Apr. 164/1 (Advt. ),The fundamental photochemical reactions involved in photodegradation of polymers.
1936 Trans. FaradaySoc. XXXII. 521The photodimer of thiophosgene.
1970 J. B. Birks Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules vii. 322If..photodimers of other anthracene derivatives are irradiated with ultraviolet photons of sufficient energy..photolysis occurs and the dimer reverts to the original pair of individual molecules.
1952 Chem. Rev. LI. 19The nonoccurrence of the photodimeric products of the previously mentioned anthracene derivatives is probably due to their thermolability.
1936 Trans. FaradaySoc. XXXII. 517A photodimerisation of 9–10-diphenyl anthracene has not yet been observed.
1972 DePuy & Chapman Molec. Reactions & Photochem. iv. 65Naphthalenes, anthracenes, and polyacenes in general undergo photodimerization.
1955 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 315,3-Bromothionaphthen 1:1-dioxide was photodimerised in order to ascertain whether angular..or linear dimerisation was favoured.
1969 Organic Photochem. II. 75 Acyclic α, β-unsaturated ketones photodimerize when substituted with an aromatic group in the beta position.
1970 J. B. Birks Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules vii. 321There are a large group of other 9-substituted and 9, 10-disubstituted anthracenes which also photodimerize.
1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics vi. 249Water vapor is constantly being photodissociated by the action of sunlight.
1969 Nature 22 Nov. 756/2 NH3, H2O and H2CO can all be photodissociated by ultraviolet photons of E
1925 Phil. Mag. XLIX. 1166It becomes of interest..to investigate the relation between the activation, and the frequency of the illumination;..only recently has a similar investigation been made on the photo-dissociation of sulphur dioxide.
1974 Sci. Amer. June 29/1Atomic iodine is prepared in the proper excited state by the photodissociation of gaseous compounds such as iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) with xenon flash lamps.
1977 Jrnl. R.Soc. Arts CXXV. 766/2The high spectral brightness of lasers can be used resonantly to obtain selective photodissociation.
1888 Chem. Photogr. (1889) 269The photo⁓oxidation of lead compounds, of mercurous oxide,..and of sulphides, proceeds more rapidly in the red than in the violet rays.
1941 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XXV. 309The ultimate cause of the extra oxygen absorption after or during irradiation consists of photoxidation processes sensitized mainly by chlorophyll.
1956 Nature 17 Mar. 513/2 The Bituminous Binder Research Unit has completed a preliminary investigation of photo-oxidation in the weathering of binders on the road.
1971 Jrnl. Oil & Colour Chemists'Assoc. LIV. 846Bleaching by sunlight may be due to photo-oxidation of double bonds.
1937 Ann. Rep. Progr.Chem. XXXIII. 431There is little doubt that this element can affect the chlorophyll content of leaves, and probably also its photo-oxidative properties. [ sc. manganese]
1976 Nature 13 May 169/2 A film exposed under high vacuum showed a dose response almost identical to that of one exposed in air, and indicates the photolytic rather than the photo-oxidative nature of the process.
1949 Chem. Abstr. XLIII. 5391 (heading)Photoöxidizable derivatives of helianthrene.
1974 Photochem. & Photobiol. XIX. 35/1 Dye-sensitized photo-oxidation..permitting preferential destruction of the photo-oxidizable amino-acid residues of proteins.
1941 Adv. Enzymol. I. 232Artificially added substances whose oxidation products can be recognized by their color are actually photo-oxidized in plants.
1975 Nature 9 Oct. 490/2 It seems that O. limnetica photo-oxidises S2- quantitatively to S0.
1973 Biochem. XII. 2540/2The tryptophan content of the native and the photooxidized enzyme was measured.
[ 1954D. I. Arnon et al. in Nature 28 Aug. 394/1Evidence has now been obtained that whole chloroplasts..have the ability to carry out..photosynthetic phosphorylation, a term which we use for the conversion of light energy into the high-energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without the participation of respiration. ]
1956 Plant Physiol. XXXI. p. xxx/2 (heading)The mechanism of cell-free, bacterial photophosphorylation.
1956 Federation Proc. XV. 260/2Photophosphorylation depends upon an inductive reduction.
1971 M. F. Mallette et al.Introd. Biochem. xviii. 646Photosystem 1, the longer wave length photosystem, has been associated with the reduction of NADP+ and with photophosphorylation. Photosystem 2 is related to dissociation of water and the evolution of oxygen.
1973 R. G. Krueger et al.Introd. Microbiol. viii. 271/1Photophosphorylation occurs in the reduction of cytochrome c with the generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The electron initially emitted from chlorophyll is ultimately returned to chlorophyll in a cyclic fashion; hence, the entire process of converting light energy to ATP (chemical energy) is termed cyclic phosphorylation... In plants and algae, a noncyclic type of photophosphorylation also occurs.
1932 Canad. Jrnl. Res. VII. 479The photo-polymer of vinyl butyl ether was purified.
1953 Jrnl. Res. Nat. Bureau of Standards (U.S. ) LI. 327Teflon and tetrafluoroethylene photopolymers, on pyrolysis in a vacuum at 423·5° to 513·0° C, yield almost 100 percent of monomer.
1961 Printing News 16 Feb. 10 The first complete 4-colour magazine to be produced from ‘Dycril’ photo-polymer (light-sensitive plastic) printing plates.
1974 Clarendonian XXVIII. i. 41 There are plans afoot to convert other letterpress ‘classics’ to this type of plate should photopolymers prove the equal of our now traditional hot-moulded plastic plates.
1932 Canad. Jrnl. Res. VII. 473The photo-polymerizability is practically the same as that of the butyl ether.
Ibid. ,Comparison with the closely related vinyl esters.. shows that, in the absence of catalysts, the latter are much more readily photo- and thermo-polymerizable.
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. ix. 664The photopolymerisable amide-compositions are used for the production of letterpress printing plates.
1920 Chem. Abstr. XIV. 4427/1 (Index),Photopolymerization.
1924 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLVI. 1614It is concluded that in the photopolymerization of anthracene, a single molecule is activated by absorption of blue light and then proceeds to react with an unactivated molecule to form the polymer.
1970 H. L. Needles in R. F. Reinisch Photochem. Macromolecules 129Both oxygen and hydrogen donors effect riboflavin-sensitized photopolymerizations of aqueous acrylamide.
1921 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CXIX. 1028Whether the same explanation does not apply to all carbohydrates and to chlorophyll, namely, that under the influence of light of very short wave-length they are decomposed to carbon dioxide, which is photosynthesised to formaldehyde, and this in its turn photopolymerised to sugars.
1933 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LV. 577Ethyl acetate does not react with Wijs solution; nor does the polymerized product, since..solid photopolymerized vinyl acetate gave iodine values as low as 9·5 and 6·3, corresponding to 96 and 98% polymerized.
1974 Sci. Amer. Oct. 119/2They are made by first crystallizing the molecules of an appropriate monomer and then photopolymerizing the monomer crystal with ultra-violet light or gamma rays.
1887 Carey Lea in Amer. Jrnl. Sc. 352As these substances have been hitherto seen only in the impure form in which they are produced by the continued action of light on the normal salts, it might be convenient to call them photosalts, photochloride, photobromide, and photoiodide, instead of red or coloured chloride, etc.
1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 395Photo⁓sulphate of iron solution was for a long time the only developer used.
1970 Soviet Physics: Semiconductors III. 1129/1 These experimental data do not demonstrate clearly the influence of lattice defects on the structure of the *photoacoustic absorption spectra.
1981 Nature 9 July 180/3 The photoacoustic effect (prior to 1977 more commonly termed the optoacoustic effect) provides the basis for a calorimetric method of measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a sample under study.
1974 J. A. Parrish et al. in NewEng. Jrnl. Med. 5 Dec. 1210/2Oral methoxsalen and long wave ultraviolet light is a form of chemotherapy. The term ‘*photochemotherapy’ is suggested to describe the interaction of light and drug that results in a beneficial effect on disease.
1976 Lancet 11 Dec. 1281/2 It is wrong to say that topical idoxuridine is the only treatment of any value in herpes-simplex infections; photochemotherapy with neutral-red and other dyes is also effective.
1985 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 14 Sept. 706/1He had suffered from the condition for over 20 years and had received various topical treatments and photochemotherapy.
1967 H. Stevens Design in Photo-Collage 7/1The ability to turn the unbelievable into the believable makes *photo-collage a thoroughly enjoyable technique.
1975 New Yorker 14 Apr. 74/3 A similar objectification of the Freudian dream work is achieved by Ernst in his photocollage, paint-scraping, and dripped-paint compositions.
1988 Creative Rev. Jan. 3/3David Hockney broke the rules of photography and art with his photo-collages.
1958 Bookseller 22 Feb. 948/1 Penguins make history in March by publishing the first book produced in England entirely without the use of metal type... In this new method of composition ‘*photo-matrices’ are assembled into lines on a normal keyboard.
1977 M. H. Bruno in J. M. Sturge Weblette'sHandbk. Photogr. & Reprogr. (ed. 7) xviii. 483/2Phototypesetter models commonly used all share the principle of imaging from some kind of negative photo-matrix that holds an assortment of characters in a number of different typeface designs or fonts.
1987 Chicago Tribune 18 Dec. VII. 130/5 My original photo matrices serve as the warp on which I weave my complex images.
1963 Economist 30 Nov. 918/2 Illustrated weeklies, *photo-novelettes, comics and women's magazines.
1978 Daily News ( N.Y. ) 11 July 40/1*Photonovels are here... These photonovels are the American counterparts of magazines that have been raging successes in Europe for decades.
1989 Time 30 Jan. 68/2 He came to Madrid at 17, fronted a rock band, wrote a porno photo-novel, and for a decade worked for the state phone company.
1940 Proc. RoyalSoc. (A.)
175 207 It is shown by utilizing the para-hydrogen conversion that *photodecomposing ammonia has no effect on the stationary hydrogen atom concentration of the conversion.
1981 Jrnl. Agric. & FoodChem. 29 125This acid photodecomposed more slowly to carbon dioxide, chloride, and unidentified organic fragments.
1996 FEBS Lett.
396 243 Under irradiation at 312 nm, the molecule is photodecomposed.
2001 Chem. Engin. (Nexis) 1 May 59When linked up with the metal and exposed to ultraviolet light, the pollutants photodecompose 35, 120 and 164 times faster, respectively.
photo-
word-forming element meaning "light" or "photographic" or "photoelectric," from Greek photo-, comb. form of phos (genitive photos) "light," from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine" (see phantasm).
ORIGIN: Partly from Greek phōto- combining form of phōt- , phōs light: see -o- photo(graphic photo(graphy
☞ photo
photo-
combining form
see phot-
see phot-
photo-phot- (prevocalic)
Prefix
- light, electromagnetic radiation
- photography
Etymology
From the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”).
Derived terms
English words prefixed with photo-