exo-
pref.（前缀）
语源
pref.（前缀）
- Outside; external:
外面的；外部的：
exoskeleton.
体外骨骼
语源
- From Greek exō [outside]
源自 希腊语 exō [外面的] - from ex [out of] * see eghs
源自 ex [在…之外] *参见 eghs
exo-
combining form
external, outside, or beyond
⇒
exobiology
⇒
exothermal
Origin
from Greek exō outsideexo-
Word Origin
1
a combining form meaning “outside,” “outer,” “external,” used in the formation of compound words:
exocentric.
Also, ex-.
Origin
< Greek, combining form of éxō outside
Related Words
- exopterygote
- exobiology
- exobiota
- exocarp
- exocentric
- exocrine
exo-a prefix meaning 'external'.
Also, ex-. [Greek: outside]
exo-
combining form
or ex-
exogamy
: outer
exoskeleton
— compare ect-, end-
2. turning out
exoergic
combining form
or ex-
ETYMOLOGY Greek exō out, outside, from ex out of — more at ex-
1. outsideexogamy
: outer
exoskeleton
— compare ect-, end-
2. turning out
exoergic
exo-
prefix
- external; from outside表示“外部的”; “从外部”：
-
exodermis.
词源
from Greek exō 'outside'.
1966 Economist 5 Mar. 898/1 A ‘new, long-range *exoatmospheric interceptor’ to which the short-range Sprint missile would be a supplement.
1967 Listener 9 Feb. 185/2 The resulting pulse of radiation should make almost everything in range boil; this would happen beyond the atmosphere and the principle is called exoatmospheric interception.
1964 New Scientist 26 Nov. 573/2 One of the greatest difficulties the *exobiologists are up against is that of making sure that their equipment does not carry any extraneous terrestrial bacteria.
1969 New Yorker 12 Apr. 85/1 Exobiologists will be looking for traces of life on the moon.
1960 Daily Tel. 14 Jan. 11/1Dr. Lederberg is building up a team for work on *exobiology, as this branch of the study of life on other planets is called.
1960 Space Research I. 1153 The problems of exobiology have important applications for the development of theoretical biology and the understanding of the mechanism of the evolution of life.
1969 Times 11 Jan. 15/6 The novel feature of the research carried out by staff of the exobiology division of the Nasa Ames Research Centre in California is that the amino-acids discovered in these ancient rocks have the asymmetry characteristic of living things.
1900 tr. Deniker's Races of Man 148‘*Exocannibalism’, that is to say the habit of eating the flesh of strangers.
1866 A. Flint Prince.Med. (1880) 315The sign is called..sometimes, in contradistinction from the murmur produced by blood-currents within the heart, an *exocardial murmur.
1845 Gray Bot. Text-bk. i. x. 252*Exocarp.
1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 326Euphorbia..valves with a coriaceous exocarp.
1946 Nature 23 Nov. 745/1 The *exocellular enzymes previously elaborated by the growing myxococci.
1857 Bullock Cazeaux' Midwif. 195The external..also called the *exochorion, is wholly destitute of vessels.
1901 *Exoclinal . [ see endoclinals.v. endo-]
1889 *Exocline . [ see endoclines.v. endo-]
1940 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vii. 568In the case of paired septa, the space between the members is named endocoel, between pairs, *exocoel.
1967 P. A. Meglitsch InvertebrateZool. vi. 159 (caption)The retractor muscles face the exocoel in directive septa.
1879 tr. Haeckel'sEvol. Man I. ix. 271The *exocœlar, that is, the outer, or parietal cœlom—epithelium.
1885,1963 *Exocœle . [ see entocœles.v. ento-]
1902 *Exocœlic . [ see entocœlics.v. ento-]
1888 Rolleston & Jackson FormsAnim. Life 562Anus *exocyclic.
1913 J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. Adv. Stud. II. iv. 298Dispersivity..is increased by the double bond in the side-chain (exocyclic) as compared with that in the nucleus (endocyclic).
1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 594The exocyclic atoms are markedly electronegative.
1966 Treat. InvertebratePalaeontol. (Amer. Geol. Soc. ) U.I.U 289/2This exocyclic tendency was not very successful in the Diadematacea.
1963 C. De Duve in De Rueck & Cameron CIBASymp. Lysosomes 126The process sometimes referred to as reverse pinocytosis and believed to be involved in secretory mechanisms could be called *exocytosis.
1970 Nature 8 Aug. 620/2 He proposed that chromaffin cells released their contents after attaching to the cell membrane, through ‘exocytosis’.
1879 tr. Haeckel'sEvol. Man I. viii. 197The protoplasm of the *exoderm cells.
1884 Syd. Soc. Lex. ,Exoderm.
1946 Nature 16 Nov. 707/2 Therapeutic potency is..apparent not only against the erythrocytic but also against the *exo-erythrocytic forms of the malaria parasite.
1968 J. H. Burn Lect. NotesPharmacol. (ed. 9) 115The exo-erythrocytic parasites are very important in the chemotherapy of malaria because they are much more resistant to treatment than the red cell forms.
1888 F. H. Hatch in J. J. H. Teall Brit. Petrogr. 430*Exomorphic, applied by Fournet to contact-metamorphism when produced in the rock through which the molten mass is erupted. Used in contradistinction to endomorphic. Syn. Exogenous.
1903 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CLXV. 280The density increment due to exomorphic changes.
1931 F. H. Lahee FieldGeol. (ed. 3) vi. 133The contact metamorphic zone (exomorphic zone)..varies in thickness from a fraction of an inch to many hundred yards.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Exomorphism, that variety of contact-metamorphism which is developed, in the surrounding walls, by an intruded mass of eruptive rock.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. &Technol. X. 84/1The crystallization of the larger intrusives may result in profound alterations in the adjacent wall rocks (exomorphism).
1850 Neale Hist. East.Ch. I. 245The esonarthex opens on to the church by nine doors, to the *exonarthex by five.
1851 H. Mayo Pop. Superst. (ed. 2) 73To denote mental phenomena of the kind I am supposing, I propose the term *exoneural (ἔξω νεῦρον).
1881 W. F. Barrett in Nature XXIV. 212There seemed to be a veritable exoneural action of the mind.
1968,1980 *Exonormative . [ see endonormatives.v. endo-]
1984 English World-Wide V. i. 145 The well-known problem of stylistic invariability in EFL speakers may well be aggravated in ESL countries such as Singapore..where exonormative standards may well be supplied from different sources.
1881 J. Simon ibid. 372We see the various causes of death as under two great heads, respectively autopathic and *exopathic.
1936 *Exopeptidase . [ see endopeptidases.v. endo-]
1962 A. Spector in A. Pirie Lens MetabolismRel. Cataract 334In neither investigation were sufficient substrates studied to indicate that the activity..was associated with a true exopeptidase.
1883 Pall Mall G. 30 Nov. 5/1 The Indians are *‘exophagous’, that is, do not eat members of their own tribe.
1886 G. T. Stevens in N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 4 Dec. 626/2The different relations of the visual lines..may be defined and arranged as follows..I. Generic Terms.—Orthophoria: A tending of the visual lines in parallelism. Heterophoria: A tending of these lines in some other way. II. Specific Terms.—Heterophoria may be divided into: 1. Esophoria: A tending of the visual lines inward. 2. *Exophoria: A tending of the lines outward. 3. Hyperphoria: A tending of the right or left visual line in a direction above its fellow.
1964 Exophoria . [ see esophoria]
1906 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1 Sept. 674/1Practically two-thirds of the whole number of *exophorics were what might be called near workers.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,Exophoric, adj.
1962 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) ii. 41People who are exophoric for distance are usually progressively more so as the point of fixation approaches the eyes.
1839 Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 252*Exophyllous; because the young leaves of..dicotyledons are always naked.
1888 Athenæum 4 Feb. 151/1 The granulated structure of its *exoplasm..was described.
1893,1959 *Exopod . [ see endopods.v. endo-]
1927 Geogr. Rev. XVII. 399The boundary between the endoreic and the exoreic regions can be drawn without hesitation.
1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 92The anterior extremities of the palpiform *exopodites.
1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 281The exopodite, metamorphosed into another such bowl shuts down over the endopodite.
1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iv. 226The *exorheic regions contain the main lake districts of the world.
1927 *Exorheism . [ see endoreisms.v. endo-]
1963 D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation 404Exorheism, drainage towards the oceans surrounding a land mass.
1870 Bentley Bot. 120Such a mode of root-development has been called *exorhizal.
1884 Syd. Soc. Lex. ,*Exorrhizous.
1816 Bentham Chrestom.Wks. 1843 VIII. 94Division of Politics and Government into Esoscopic..and *Exoscopic, i.e. external-concerns-regarding,viz. International Government and Politics.
1853 Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. i. 409The method becoming as it may be said endoscopic instead of being exoscopic as in the first section.
Ibid. ,The subject is treated..*exoscopically in the first and last sections.
1885,1903 *Exoseptum . [ see entoseptums.v. ento-]
1904 Biol. Bulletin July 82The dorsal and middle pairs of exosepta arose bilaterally in advance of the two ventral pairs.
1870 Rolleston Anim. LifeIntrod. 57*Exoskeletal ossifications.
1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. i. 55From the epidermis, all cuticular and cellular exoskeletal parts..are developed.
1847 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 846/2*Exoskeleton.
1864 H. Spencer Illustr. Univ. Progr. 409In the highest Annulosa, the exo-skeleton and the muscular system, never lose all traces of their segmentation.
1872 Nicholson Palæont. 187The Mollusca..commonly possessing an exoskeleton or shell.
1888 J. Jacobs Bidpai lii,These are the facts that form the exoskeleton of his life.
1945 A. J. Lotka in HumanBiol. Sept. 188In place of slow adaptation of anatomical structure and physiological function in successive generations by selective survival, increased adaptation has been achieved by the incomparably more rapid development of ‘artificial’ aids to our native receptor-effector apparatus, in a process that might be termed *exosomatic evolution.
1951 New Biol. XI. 21Exosomatic adaptations.
Ibid. ,Most exosomatic organs are instruments or tools..like spectacles, radio sets,..hammers, scalpels, motor cars and guns.
1951 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan.Soc. X. 18The atmosphere can conveniently be divided into four parts, the troposphere, the stratosphere, the ionosphere and the *exosphere.
1955 E. Burgess Frontier to Space 150The density and extent of the exosphere.
1969 Sci. Jrnl. May 67/1The lunar atmosphere is a true exosphere in direct communication with space, to which its molecules can escape freely unless inhibited by gravity.
1951 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan.Soc. X. 18The exospheric gases.
1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 246/2The *exosporal membrane dehisces in three valves.
Ibid. V. 246/1The sporangium..burst by the swelling of the *exospore.
1882 Vines Sachs'Bot. 325The exospore is usually smooth and often variously coloured.
1884 Syd. Soc. Lex. ,*Exosporous.
1845 Gray Bot. Text-bk. i. ix. 241The orifice of the primine is called the *Exostome, that of the secundine of the inner Endostome; literally the outer and the inner orifice.
1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 81The arillus being produced from the exostome.
1904 Biol. Bulletin July 88The *exotentacles in Siderastrea radians have been found to appear throughout in advance of the entotentacles.
1877 Nicholson in Encycl. Brit. VI. 374They ..may be united by transverse plates (‘*exothecal dissepiments’) which run horizontally across the intercostal spaces. [ the costæ of the coral]
1870 Bentley Bot. 239An outer which..is called the *exothecium.
1920 H. Zinsser in Jrnl. Immunology V. 286There was much unclearness..regarding the so-called *exotoxins of bacteria.
1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vi. 67The reaction between endotoxins and their antibodies does not follow the law of multiple proportions which is so characteristic of exotoxin-antitoxin reactions.
1897 G. T. Stevens in Norris & Oliver Syst. Dis. Eye II. viii. 172The class Heterotropia..may be divided into two sub-classes... The specific divisions of the sub-class a are—1. Esotropia, a deviation of the visual lines inward. 2. *Exotropia, a deviation of the visual lines outward. 3. Hypertropia (right or left), a deviation of one visual line above the other. 4. Hyperesotropia and Hyperexotropia are the compound deviations.
1961 Lancet 7 Oct. 812/1 Increase of the interpupillary distance with exotropia.
1906 G. T. Stevens Motor Apparatus of Eyes iii. xlviii. 384*Exotropic persons are, much more than esophoric subjects, accustomed to close one eye when reading or working.
1898 H. C. Porter tr. Strasburger'sText-bk. Bot. 258A torsion must..occur when a geotropic organ, which has become curved over toward its parent axis, turns itself about so as to face outwards (*exotropism).
1975 Linguistics 15 Aug. 23 The importance of English to the average Nigerian pre-adolescent is mainly *exoglossic and limited to formal education.
1984 English World-Wide V. 250 Margie S. Berns..introduced the foreign language varieties, focusing on the tendency in Germany for AmE to replace BrE as the dominant exo-glossic model in many domains and registers.
1976 Halliday & Hasan Cohesion inEng. ii. 33We shall find it useful..to have a special term for situational reference. This we are referring to as *exophora, or exophoric reference.
1984 Discourse Processes VII. i. 58 The register characteristic of speakers sharing many common assumptions conveys meaning contextually and is characterized by a greater incidence of exophora; for example, Hand it over, where the meaning of it is conveyed by a gesture.
1974 Foundations of Lang. July 507Mood in sentential complements is endophoric, while in adverbial and relative clauses it is *exophoric.
1984 Lang. & Communication IV. 257The second utterance is a more explicit version of the first, not only in terms of making clear the threat element but also in substituting ‘in this court to explain why’ for the exophoric ‘here’.
1974 Foundations of Lang. July 510The question arises..as to the circumstances under which mood is interpreted endophorically or *exophorically.
1984 Lang. & Communication IV. 262The crucial implicitness is achieved exophorically, with a direct appeal to situational knowledge.
1889 D. H. Scott in Ann. Bot. IV. 149What we generally term epidermis is here an absorptive structure, but this is only the case in young roots. The older roots cease to be absorptive and require, like sub-aërial organs, a protective dermal structure... This epidermoidal layer, or better *exodermis, is especially evident in monocotyledonous roots, which have a persistent cortex, and often no periderm, so that the exodermis here has to form a permanent protective structure.
1919 F. O. Bower Bot. Living Plant v. 72The outermost layer, lying directly below the piliferous layer, and with its cells alternating with these, is called the exodermis.
1976 Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger'sTextbk. Bot. (rev. ed. ) 172The rhizodermis dies with the root hairs, and its place is taken by a typical secondary boundary tissue, the exodermis.
exo-
word-forming element meaning "outer, outside, outer part" used from mid-19c. in scientific words (such as exoskeleton), from Greek exo "outside," related to ex "out of" (see ex-).
☞ exo-, ex-
ORIGIN: Greek exō outside: see -o-
exo-
prefix. outside; outside of; outer: Exoskeleton = outer skeleton. Also, ex- before vowels.
[< Greek exō-, related to éxō outside < ex- out]
exo-
combining form
or ex-
Etymology: Greek exō out of, out, outside of, outside, from ex out of — more at ex- I
1.
a. : outside
< exogamy >
: outer
< exocarp >
< exoskeleton >
— opposed to end-; compare ect-
b. : producing
< exergonic >
— opposed to end-
2. exo-, usually ital : having a 6-membered ring in its boat-shaped conformation with one or more substituents directed outward
< 2,5-methylene-exo-cyclohexyl-amine >
— compare end- 2
or ex-
1.
a.
< exogamy >
: outer
< exocarp >
< exoskeleton >
— opposed to end-; compare ect-
b.
< exergonic >
— opposed to end-
2. exo-, usually ital
< 2,5-methylene-exo-cyclohexyl-amine >
— compare end- 2
exo-
Prefix
- outside, external
Etymology
From Ancient Greek ἔξω (éxō, “outer, external”).
Antonyms
Related terms
Derived terms
English words prefixed with exo-
前缀：exo- 表示"外部的, 外面"
exotic 来自异国的（exo+tic→从外面来的）
exoteric 外界的，外面的（exo+teric→外面的）
exocentric 外向的，离心的（exo+centric中心的）
exosphere 外大气层（exo+sphere球；大气层）
exodus 大批移出（exo+odus大批量）
exothermic 放出热量的（exo+therm热＋ic→热外出→放热）
前缀：exo-
【词根含义】：出,向外