poly-
pref.（前缀）
语源
pref.（前缀）
- More than one; many; much:
表示“超过一个的；很多的；多”：
polyatomic.
多原子的 - More than usual; excessive; abnormal:
表示“不寻常的；过度的；不正常的”：
polydipsia.
烦渴 - Polymer; polymeric:
表示“聚合物；聚合的”：
polyethylene.
聚乙烯
语源
- Greek polu-
希腊语 polu- - from polus [much, many] * see pelə- 1
源自 polus [许多，很多] *参见 pelə- 1
poly-
combining form
more than one; many or much
⇒
polyhedron
having an excessive or abnormal number or amount
⇒
polycythaemia
Origin
from Greek polus much, many; related to Old English fela manypoly-
Word Origin
1
a combining form with the meanings “much, many” and, in chemistry, “polymeric,” used in the formation of compound words:
polyandrous; polyculture; polyethylene.
Origin
< Greek, combining form representing polýs; akin to Old English fela many. See plus
Related Words
- polydipsia
- polygala
- polymath
- polymyxin
- polyonymous
- polysemy
poly-I.
a word element or prefix, meaning 'much', 'many', first occurring in words from the Greek (as polyandrous), but now used freely as a general formative, especially in scientific or technical words.
Compare mono-. [Greek, combining form of polys much (plural polloi many); related to Latin plēnum full, and distantly related to full1]
II.
a prefix indicating a blend of polyester fabric with another fabric, as in poly-cotton, poly-wool.
poly-
combining form
polychotomous
polygyny
2.
a. containing an indefinite number more than one of a (specified) substance
polysulfide
b. polymeric : polymer of a (specified) monomer
polyethylene
polyadenylic acid
combining form
ETYMOLOGY Greek, from polys; akin to Old High German filu many, Sanskrit puru, Latin plenus full — more at full
1. many : several : much : multi-polychotomous
polygyny
2.
a. containing an indefinite number more than one of a (specified) substance
polysulfide
b. polymeric : polymer of a (specified) monomer
polyethylene
polyadenylic acid
poly-
combining form
- many; much表示“多”, “众”：
-
polyandry
polychrome
- ■ Chemistry denoting the presence of many atoms or groups of a particular kind in a molecule【化】表示“聚”, “聚合”：
-
polycarbonate.
词源
from Greek polus 'much', polloi 'many'.
1967 Sci. Amer. June 129/1The pieces had been suggested to him by S. J. Collins of Bristol, England, who gave the name ‘tetraboloes’ to the order-4 set because the Diabolo, a juggling toy, has two isosceles right triangles in its cross section. This implies the generic name ‘*polyaboloes’.
1683 in Phil. Trans. XIV. 483By a Polyphone or *Poly⁓acoustick well ordered one sound may be heard as many.
1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I,Polyacousticks, are Instruments contrived to Multiply Sounds, as Multiplying glasses or Polyscopes do Images of Objects.
1755 Johnson, Polyacoustick, adj. , that multiplies or magnifies sounds.
1862 Cayley Coll. Math. Papers V. 38A method of the derivation of the △ faced *polyacrons of a given number of summits from those of the next inferior number of summits.
1886 Lendenfeld Sponges inProc. Zool. Soc. 560,1. Anaxonia. Without definite axes and with numerous rays—*polyact.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 813/1Fig. 5 A, typical *polyactine.
1832 Philol. Museum I. 312If any advocate of the *polyadamite doctrine, as it has been called.
1888 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sc. VI. 396/2*Polyæsthesia, is a rare disturbance of sensation..in which the point of a pin, when applied to the skin, is felt as two or more points.
1893 Nation ( N.Y. ) 5 Jan. 15/3Any such hackneyed creation as an Osric of the emotions, without depth, or a *poly-affectioned Lothario.
1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) iv. 98The suffix -al is *polyallomorphic /əl/ and /æl/.
1972 Archivum Linguisticum III. 40 In order to simplify their analysis one of the allomorphs of poly-allomorphic morphemes is designated as the basic one, and the changes are described on that basis.
1927 Daily Express 24 Nov. 13 The ‘*polyalphabetic’ codes..are much more difficult to decipher, as a letter is often represented in a cryptogram by a dozen different signs, letters or numerals.
1939 H. F. Gaines Elem. Cryptanalysis (1940) viii. 68Multiple-alphabet substitution (also called double-key substitution, polyalphabetic substitution, etc.) makes use of several different cipher alphabets.
1962 Moore & Waller Cloak & Cipher xv. 138Edgar Allan Poe..seems to have had a blind faith in polyalphabetic ciphers.
1612 Sturtevant Metallica ix. 70If the wheeles should haue beene made square, trencher wise, or in any other *poly-angle, forty horses would not so easily draw them beeing laden, as two doth now with both speed and ease.
1690 Leybourn Curs.Math. 438Of divers Figures or Faces, of a *Polyangular shape.
1797 Monthly Mag. III. 221These hollow spandrils may be cylindrical, triangular, quadrangular, or polyangular.
1931 Chem. Abstr. XXV. 3261The submicrons detected by the ultra-microscope are negatively charged and consist of aggregates of the *polyanions 4- or [ Pb9] 4-. [ Sn9]
1948 Jrnl. PolymerSci. III. 261In the presence of excess electrolyte, the polyanion would be completely associated and behave approximately like an uncharged macromolecule.
1965 . [ see polycation below]
1972 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) xxv. 823The decavanadate ion is only one example of the type of polyanion generally called isopolyanions.
1930 Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 2077elements..will combine in liquid NH3 with Na to give polysulfide-like compds.,..to which the name ‘*polyanionic’ salts is given. [ Such]
1974 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. CXXXIX. 404/1Staining with ruthenium red.. reveals that a polyanionic surface coat, probably mucopolysaccharide in nature, covers all the microvilli..on all cell types found in the nasal cavities.
1907 Jrnl. Path. &Bacteriol. XII. 54*Polyarteritis acuta nodosa.—Characterised by the formation upon the smaller and medium-sized arteries of small localised nodules.
1951 E. N. Chamberlain Text-bk. Med. vi. 448Sometimes known as polyarteritis nodosa, this is a rare disease generally affecting persons before mid-life.
1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxv. 29/1The term polyarteritis includes a number of uncommon disorders in which the changes are focal, segmental inflammation and necrosis of arteries, arterioles or capillaries... Besides the classical form, also known as polyarteritis nodosa.., there are five recognized variants.
1901 Lancet 16 Mar. 776/1 In addition to such *polyarthritic forms there is yet a fourth group of cases in which only one or two joints are involved.
1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 863Rheumatic fever, or acute *polyarthritis.
1874 Van Buren Dis. Genit.Org. 86Associated with the *poly-articular variety of gonorrhœal rheumatism.
1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 1026There were no rheumatic phenomena for thirteen months when polyarticular rheumatism appeared.
1887 Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2Desma of an anomocladine Lithistid (*polyaxon).
1940 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vi. 299Polyaxons..are spicules in which several equal rays radiate from a central point.
1898 Nature 27 Jan. 310/2 A fauna capable of living and developing at depths of over 2000 metres, to which the name *polybathic is given.
1882 Sala Amer. Revis. (1885) 37 note,A great *polybigamy case.
1873 E. R. Lankester in Ann. &Mag. Nat. Hist. Feb. 86The first step in development, after the formation by cleavage of the mass of embryo-cells or ‘*polyblast’.
1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 586The clasmocytes of Rauvier and Marchand, some of the polyblast of Maximow..all belong to this category of cells.
1959 F. M. Burnet Clonal Selection Theory vii. 115Macrophages..include fixed macrophages, wandering tissue macrophages or polyblasts and the blood monocytes.
1967 Biol. Abstr. XLVIII. 9803/2By the 6th day, a barrier of connective tissue, formed mainly from polyblasts and hist ocytes, was beginning to be formed. [ i]
1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 596This last stage of the development of the *polyblastic cell.
1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 322/1Gastropods, are divided into..1. Nudibranchians (Anthrobranchians and *Polybranchians).
1858 Mayne Expos. Lex. ,Polybranchiatus, Zoöl. applied..to an Order (Polybranchiata)..*polybranchiate.
1846 R. Chambers Tradit. Edinburgh 300The little *polybuttoned personages.
1948 Jrnl. PolymerSci. III. 259Due to the high concentration of charge in the *polycation, which is itself quite large, electrostatic forces can be transferred over much greater distances than in solutions of ordinary electrolytes.
1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xii. 465The formation of polyanions is quite common among the heavier non-metals ( e.g. polysulphides and selenides), although the formation of polycations from uncomplexed metals appears to be limited to Hg22+.
1949 Science 25 Nov. 553/1 When excess acrylate is added, more polyanions attach themselves to the *polycationic exterior of the precipitate particles.
1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xix. 451They appear to occur in association with nucleic acids, as might be expected from their polycationic character. [ sc. spermine and spermidine]
1705 Phil. Trans. XXV. 2107Prophylactic and *Polycharacteristick Statues.
1842 Dunglison Med. Lex. ,*Polycholia.
1880 J. W. Legg Bile 396Vulpian believes that jaundice from emotion may be caused by a catarrh of the ducts, by an abundant polycholia.
1898 P. Manson Trop. Diseases iii. 78Polycholia is a constant and often urgent feature in most malarial fevers.
1944 W. Apel HarvardDict. Mus. 593/1Early adumbrations of *polychoral treatment occur in the works of Josquin des Près who frequently interrupts the full-voiced writing in four parts..by ‘antiphonal’ passages in which two half-choruses..perform a short phrase twice, in an echo-like manner.
1963 Times 9 May 16/5 ‘Jauchzet dem Herren’,..a big polychoral ‘concerto’ from the Psalmen Davids of 1619, was a casualty, its elaborate antiphonies of voices and instruments blurred by the cathedral's hopelessly over-resonant sound.
1975 Gramophone Nov. 869/3 In 1628, Salzburg Cathedral was re-opened... Its inaugural Mass was a grand polychoral affair.
1978 Early Music Apr. 170 Venice and the grand manner of the polychoral motet seem so inseparable that it is hard to consider them apart.
1866 Treas. Bot. 913*Polychorion, a polycarpous fruit like that of Ranunculus.
1890 Cent. Dict. ,*Polychorionic.
1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 21It is not a polycholia..but a *polychromia.
Ibid. 61The hæmoglobin liberated leads to an increased formation and excretion of bile pigments (polychromia).
1883 H. T. Edwards in Ch. Times XXII. 10/1When a chapel is in debt, the *Polychurch hierarchy furiously rage against the Church.
Ibid. XXI. 971/1The large sums which they spend upon ‘*Poly⁓churchism’. [ the Welsh]
1891 Bp. Jayne in Daily News 21 Nov. 5/3what has been aptly termed the theory of Polychurchism. [ He finds in the circular he has received a strong flavour of]
1963 Ohtaka & Spiegelman in Science 25 Oct. 493/2An RNA molecule which can be translated into two or more proteins may be referred to as a ‘*polycistronic’ message.
1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm ii. 23The idea of a ‘polycistronic’ template, that is, one which can specify the amino acid sequences of a group of related proteins, now enjoys considerable popularity.
1974 Nature 1 Nov. 75/2 Kennel et al. concluded that each cistron in these polycistronic RNAs has a unique site that is vulnerable to attack.
Ibid. ,There is..an indication that some tRNAs are made *polycistronically.
1978 Nature 25 May 304/2 The *polyclonality of B cell responses to LPS has excluded the participation of immunoglobulin combining sites in the process of triggering.
1977 Lancet 5 Nov. 958/2 We suggest that immunosuppression in this syndrome is the result of the collective immunosuppressive effects of trypanosome-derived immune-modulating free fatty acids, *polyclonally stimulating B-cell mitogen, and complement-activating factors.
1975 Crick & Lawrence in Science 1 Aug. 341/3The progeny of a cell marked at about the time of the drawing of boundary lines never fills a compartment completely, but often occupies an appreciable proportion of it. A compartment is thus made by the descendants of a small group of cells. We propose to call the cells in the compartment a *polyclone. Just as a clone is a group of cells which are all, without exception, the descendants of a single cell, so a polyclone is a group of cells that are descended from a certain (small) group of cells—the founder cells—which were present in the embryo at an earlier time.
1979 Sci. Amer. July 93/1Each compartment is made by a set of complete clones, which we call a polyclone, that develops from a few founder cells.
1914 W. E. Agar in Phil. Trans. R.Soc. B. CCV. 422When a population..is composed of a number of clones each descended from an original ancestor not asexually connected with the original ancestors of the other clones, the population may be called *polyclonal.
1961 Harvey Lect. 1960–61 LVI. 221He had a broad-banded, polyclonal γ-globulin with a rich serological picture.
1973 Sci. Amer. Aug. 44/2If plaques were a simple response to an injury of some kind, as has been proposed, their cells should be polyclonal, the Benditts point out.
1899 Nature 9 Nov. 28/1 *Polycormic forms are met with in cypresses and junipers, in which the lateral branches are not all reduced to subordinate and graduated positions.
1921 19th Cent. July 148The maximalists, of course, are for *polycratism, provincial rule, insubordination and importation of foreign ideas.
1948 Tysdal & Crandall in Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Agronomy XL. 294The present paper deals with methods for determining the combining ability of the components of a hybrid or variety. For convenience, the method is referred to as the ‘*polycross method’.
Ibid. ,The single crosses and polycrosses exhibited even greater superiority over the checks.
Ibid. 297Polycross seed is the seed produced on selected clones interpollinated at random in isolation.
1977 Crop Sci. XVII. 909/2Twenty-one clones whose polycross progenies ranked high for rate of seedling emergence under field conditions or had high forage yield..were selected for this study. Polycross seed from these clones was produced in isolated blocks.
1857 Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (rev. ed. ) 741/2*Polycythæmia, a condition of the blood in which there is an increase of the red corpuscles.
1866 A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 60An increase..in the number of the red blood-corpuscles beyond the healthy limit..constitutes..polycythaemia.
1906 Lancet 7 July 20/2 The following case is published as a contribution to the study of the *polycythæmic condition.
1935 . [ see hypovolæmias.v. hypo- II]
1962 Lancet 26 May 1098/2 The patient was polycythæmic until 1958, when a leukæmic picture first appeared.
1937 Chem. Rev. XXI. 39The simple variation of acidic and coördinating groups in the *polydentate molecules has escaped investigation.
1961 G. R. Choppin Exper. Nucl. Chem. ix. 147Complexes with a high degree of covalent character are formed by the interaction of metal ions with polydentate organic ions.
1972 Nature 21 Jan. 181/1 Recently his expertise in coordination chemistry was extended to the complexes formed by the alkali metals and alkaline earth elements with a variety of polydentate ligands.
1876 Tinsley's Mag. XVIII. 150Whether we cast in our lot with Bishop Butler or the *Polydiabolicals.
Ibid. 149Why has no interesting heretic gone in for *Polydiabolism?
Ibid. 150The *poly⁓diabolists would put it in the plural, and say evil spirits.
1894 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. XLI. 28The evolution of the horse's leg from a *polydigital extremity to its present form.
1884 Nature 1 May 24/2 L. Martin, on the *poly⁓dimensional argument.
1875 Miss Cobbe False Beasts & True 190*Polydoggery is a thing against which all proper feeling revolts.
1874 Lubbock Orig. & Met. Ins. iv. 80Those cases in which animals or plants pass through a succession of different forms might be distinguished by the name of dieidism or *polyeidism.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Polyelectronic.
1939 L. Pauling NatureChem. Bond i. 29The electron distribution function for a poly-electronic atom or ion shows the presence of electron shells as regions of maximum electron density.
1947 Amer. Scientist XXXV. 185Just as little tested in the laboratory is the conclusion that positrons, like protons..can form short lived polyelectronic entities of the type e+e-, e+(e-)2, . [ etc.]
1964 J. W. Linnett ElectronicStruct. Molecules i. 9The most important factor governing the electronic structures of the ground states of polyelectronic atoms is the effect summarized in the Pauli Principle.
1965 Amer. Surgeon XXXI. 695 (heading)*Polyendocrine adenomatosis with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
1967 S. L. Robbins Path. (ed. 3) xxix. 1243/2 (heading)Multiple endocrine adenomatosis (polyendocrine adenomas).
1976 Lancet 11 Dec. 1273/1 Antibodies reacting with normal human pancreatic islet cells have been described in patients with diabetes associated with autoimmune polyendocrine disease.
1964 Medicine XLIII. 176/1 It is suggested that Schmidt's syndrome with diabetes mellitus may be a *polyendocrinopathy.
1973 Acta Endocrinol. LXXII. 411 As for the theoretical implications of poly-endocrinopathies, the possibility of common aetiological factors lies near at hand.
1920 W. E. Agar Cytol. vii. 209Examples of such *polyenergid nuclei (Hartmann, 1909) are afforded by the great nuclei of the Radiolaria.
1939 Nature 14 Jan. 47/2 Schussnig..reaffirms..his view that the Conjugales are derived from a polyenergid ancestry, and a similar origin is suggested for the Red Algæ.
1961 Mackinnon & Hawes Introd. Study Protozoa 66The gigantic nucleus is remarkable for the number of its chromosomes, of which there are some 1,500... This remarkable structure, according to Grell, is really polyenergid. [ of Aulacantha]
1976 Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger'sTextbk. Bot. (rev. ed. ) 44Free nuclear divisions, that is, divisions not accompanied by cell division, occur in those Thallophyta showing the polyenergid condition.
1892 Thomson Outl. Zool. xiii. 239It is a *poly-enzymatic gland, that is, one which produces diverse digestive ferments.
1811–31 Bentham LanguageWks. 1843 VIII. 333/1This proposition will consist of one word only, or of divers words,—will be either monoepic or *polyepic.
1889 J. S. Burdon-Sanderson Address to Biological Section BritishAssoc. in Nature 26 Sept. 524/1Plant protoplasm, though it may be structurally homogeneous, is dynamically *polyergic—it has many endowments.
1967 J. H. Sudd Introd. Behaviour Ants viii. 154Animals which show these variations in behaviour from one to another can be said to show *polyethism—a word formed by analogy with polymorphism.
1973 J. P. Spradbury Wasps vi. 155There may occur several forms of polyethism, namely those based on age, physiological condition, and size.
1888 Daily News 22 Sept. 1/2 For purposes of communication and for interchange of ideas the polyglott, *poly-ethnic Indian continent has become one country.
1838 Civil Eng. &Arch. Jrnl. I. 311/2There is no proportion observed between the *polyfenestral building itself, and the range of columns stuck up against it.
1842 Francis Dict. Arts, etc.,*Polyfoile, an ornament, like a leaf, of many round lobes.
1929 W. H. Carothers in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LI. 2550 (heading)*Polyfunctional compounds.
Ibid. ,All these may be classed together as polyfunctional reactions.
1962 J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics v. 45The finishing process..consists of impregnating the fabrics with the appropriate polyfunctional compound and a catalyst, drying, heating and washing.
1963 J. Osborne DentalMech. (ed. 5) i. 23The basic ingredient is a polyfunctional mercaptan with..the average formula HS(R{b1}S{b1}S)23{b1}R{b1}SH.
1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xv. 301By employing polyfunctional halides in place of alkyl halides depicted above, more complex ketones are obtained.
1936 Trans. FaradaySoc. XXXII. 39 (heading)Polymers & *polyfunctionality.
1961 Sorenson & Campbell Prep. Methods PolymerChem. iii. 59The qualitative aspects of condensation polymerization, including..effect of polyfunctionality on branching and gelation, have been thoroughly treated.
1927 Peake & Fleure Apes & Men 69This *polyglacial, or preferably multiglacial, view was not well received, and considerable opposition was offered to it.
1937 Geogr. Jrnl. XC. 180Formerly James Geikie, almost alone, insistently voiced the case for the polyglacial view and perhaps he strained it by over-statement.
1972 Sparks & West Ice Age inBrit. v. 123The limits of the successive glaciations of this polyglacial sequence, imperfectly known at present, are shown.
Ibid. ,The evidence for *polyglacialism lay not so much in evidence for different end-moraines of successive ice advances..but in the finding of non-glacial sediments between glacial deposits.
1946,1968 *Polyglacialist . [ see monoglacialistn. andadj. s.v. mono- 1]
1972 Sparks & West Ice Age inBrit. v. 123The supporters of the monoglacial theory..were eclipsed by polyglacialists, though some survived till a few years ago.
1812 Southey in Q.Rev. VIII. 97The title of this *poly⁓grammar must not be admitted as a proof that he was qualified for the task which he undertook.
1868 Rep. toGovt. U.S. Munitions War 88These guns are rifled on the *polygroove system, and use lead-coated projectiles.
1886 Field 9 Jan. 54/3 Greatly improved the shooting of the old muzzle-loading polygroove.
1858 Greener Gunnery 403They will shoot as well as *poly-grooved rifles.
18.. W. G. Binney ( Cent. D.),*Polygyral.
1935 Y. Katayama in Jap. Jrnl. Bot. VII. 374The writer has classified (though provisionally) the haploid plants as follows... If the haploid has occurred from allopolyploids, it is classified under the name of *polyhaploid.
1955 Nature 12 Mar. 469/1 This plant had the chromosome number 2n = 24, suggesting that it might be a polyhaploid of Spolytrichon, having arisen by haploid parthenogenesis. [ olanum]
1975 Ibid. 17 Apr. 596/1In wheat and oats, the polyhaploids show very little chiasmate pairing because genetic control is effective in the hemizygous state.
1880 W. I. Stringham in Amer. Jrnl. Math. III. 2It will be convenient to designate as an n-fold *polyhedroid the n-dimensional figure which is bounded by (n - 1)-fold flat (not curved) figures.
1914 H. P. Manning Geom. Four Dimensions viii. 289A regular polyhedroid..consists of equal regular polyhedrons together with their interiors, the polyhedrons being joined by their faces so as to enclose a portion of hyperspace, and the hyperplane angles formed at the faces by the half-hyperplanes of adjacent polyhedrons being all equal to one another.
1972 C. S. Ogilvy Tomorrow's Math (ed. 2) iv. 79A polytope is an n-dimensional polyhedroid.
1967 Sci. Amer. June 124/3Other names have been proposed, but it seems to me that the best is ‘*polyhexes’, the name adopted by David Klomer, who was one of the first to investigate them.
1975 Ibid. July 114/3Combinatorial geometers have given special attention in recent years to tiling with polyominoes and their cousins the polyiamonds and polyhexes.
1967 Ibid. June 124/2By joining equilateral triangles along their edges one obtains another well-explored family of shapes known as *polyiamonds.
1975 . [ see polyhex above]
1903 F. W. H. Myers Hum. Personality I. 47In one word, hypnosis is a state of *poly-ideism, not of mono-ideism.
1938 A. I. Oparin Origin of Life vi. 138Regarding every living cell as a ‘single chemical particle or, more correctly, as a colossal poly-ion’.
1947 Jrnl. PolymerSci. II. 12Both negative and positive polyions may be made; the former as polycarboxylic or sulfonic acids and their salts and the latter, for example, as onium salts of polymers such as vinylpyridine.
1959 Acta Crystallogr. XII. 165/2The crystal structure of inyoite contains isolated polyions, -2. [ B3O3(OH)5]
1963 New Scientist 11 Apr. 103/3 The chemistry of polyions, such as proteins, mucopolysaccharides, ..is very relevant to understanding the behaviour of the cell surface. [ etc.]
1972 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) xvi. 486There is slight evidence in the bromine system for Br5-, but the series of polyions I5-, I7- and I9- is well-established for iodine.
1907 Publ. CarnegieInst. No. 63. xii. 352A fuller experimental investigation of the properties of dissolved salts, especially of those of *polyionic types.
1970 Fox & Fried tr. Staudinger's FromOrg. Chem. to Macromolecules b. vii. 134These anomalous phenomena in solutions of polyelectrolytes were termed ‘polyionic viscosity phenomena’.
1890 W. H. Howell in Jrnl. Morphol. IV. 118The first class might be named *polykaryocytes, or multinucleated giant cells.
1946 Blood I. 29 Morone sharply differentiated the polykaryocytes from osteoclasts, but in this he was disputed by Lambin and Lamers.
1968 E. Kelemen Physiopath. & Therapy Human BloodDis. (1969) i. 36Even larger cells, resembling megakaryocytes, are the osteoclasts or polykaryocytes. These two cells have to do with bone formation and are more often seen in a trephine biopsy.
1947 Jrnl. Lab. &Clin. Med. XXXII. 664The concept of a *polykaryocytic origin of the megakaryocyte has not received general acceptance.
1964 Biol. Abstr. XLV. 3106/2Injection of confluent polykaryocytic cultures into chicks resulted in the appearance of sarcomas which contained transformed cells and polykaryocytes.
1876 tr. Wagner'sGen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 333Single or *poly-laminated cylindrical, and ciliated epithelia.
1972 B. Bickerton in GeorgetownUniv. Ser. Lang. & Linguistics (1973) xxv. 34The demonstration of similarities between Black English and Guyanese Creole..was simply a by-product of the attempt to write a polylectal grammar of the latter.
1972 C.-J. N. Bailey in Stockwell & Macaulay Linguistic Change & Generative Theory 24Rule changes of the sort being described could never occur in a homogeneous grammar... Without the retention of the older forms in a different style or in a different class lect known to a speaker long enough for a rule change to be generalized, such a generalization could not occur. Only a polylectal grammar is adequate for historical linguistics.
1977 Word 1972 XXVIII. 166 The subject matter of dialectology may be viewed..1. As a complex of shared and differentiated items which function within a single diasystem (a pan-dialectal or polylectal system).
1978 Archivum Linguisticum IX. 37 That implicational (polylectal) patterning obtains in Table 1(b) is clear: some speakers are invariable users of the feature S, others are invariable users of the feature P, while a third group of speakers alternate S and P.
1867 Atwater Logic 151The names Trilemma, Tetralemma, *Polylemma have been sometimes given to this sort of Syllogism according to the number of members or horns.
1933 ‘E. Cambridge’ Hostages to Fortune iii. vi. 184Foreign students, slow south Germans, French boys from Rennes, *polylingual Swedes.
1958 Times 5 Dec. 16/3 Polytextual, polylingual wrestlings with canti fermi.
1978 Amer. N. & Q. XVI. 146/2A few other bilingual and polylingual glossaries.
1956 J. Whatmough Language 241Correlation methods may be used to show how much..the *polylingualism of an interlingua may safely draw from different languages.
1977 Word 1972 XXVIII. 193 Borrowing, especially when related to bilingualism or polylingualism, increases the number of opportunities for metanalytical processes to take place, both at the time of borrowing and subsequently.
1873 M. Collins Squire Silchester II. xix. 232An old friend..famous as *polylinguist, philologist, archæologist.
1839 Civil Eng. &Arch. Jrnl. II. 368/1*Polylithic statues, or those composed of several stones.
1908 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 25 Jan. 61/1These crevices and fissures are filled with a polylithic mass of brown and white ‘calcic spar’.
1961 Economist 11 Nov. 538/2 Somewhere in the essentially ‘polylithic’ variety of the sisterhood there must be an answer.
1886 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. L. 677Minerals from Kangerdluarsuk, in Greenland... *Polylithionite (lithium mica).
1927 Amer. Mineralogist XII. 275Polylithionite is of doubtful stability, but mica of approximately this composition has been described from Greenland.
1962 Geochemistry xi. 1197 In lithium micas (polylithionites) the geochemical similarity of lithium and magnesium does not play an important part and lithium occupies an independent position in the structure of the mica lattice.
1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 117Small round cells with *polylobular and fragmented nuclei.
1839 Fraser's Mag. XX. 709Freely dispensing light from the huge *polylychnous gas-burners to a whole neighbourhood.
1828 Lancet 19 Apr. 73/2 Dr. Epps enumerated monomania; that is, when one faculty is affected: *polymania where more than one faculty is deranged.
1892 Dental Rec. XII. 488Amalgams consist of the combination of either one or several metals with mercury,..the bulk of a *polymetallic amalgam usually consisting of Tin and Silver.
1956 Mineral. Abstr. XIII. 38Nests and lenses of plumbojarosite are found in the oxidized zone of polymetallic ore deposits.
1968 Bethell & Burg tr. Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward i. xv. 236My theory is that you can discover deposits of polymetallic ore by looking for radioactive water.
1974 Nature 16 Aug. 545/1 The polymetallic province is particularly enriched in silver north of boundary 1.
1893 Chicago Advance 10 Aug., *Polymetallism is historical, and iron, copper, shells and wampum have all been used as money.
1888 Nature 13 Dec. 151/2 Most muscles, Fuerbringer argues, are *polymetameric, i.e. they receive nervous fibres from two or more spinal roots.
1900 H. W. Smyth Grk. Melic Poets p. lvii,The periods were disjointed..and *polymetochic: the heaping of participles added pomp and rapidity. [ in the dithyramb]
1829 W. Greenfield ( title)*Polymicrian lexicon to the New Testament.
1838 Bagster's Catal. 22Polymicrian series of New Testaments, Concordances, Lexicons, and Psalters, Small Pocket Volumes.
1899 W. I. Knapp Life Borrow I. 70A small 4to volume..in his polymicrian handwriting.
1938 Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. VI. 134Except for a few monomineral fabrics, such as those of pure quartzite.., most rock fabrics are *polymineral.
1975 Nature 25 Dec. 690/1 This suite of rather unusual minerals has received wide attention because the minerals have been identified in light-coloured, millimetre-sized polymineral inclusions present in carbonaceous chondrites.
1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) iv. 97Simple structures consist of a single morpheme, free or bound. Complex structures consist of more than one morpheme. Simple structures may be called ‘monomorphemic’ and complex structures ‘*polymorphemic’.
1962 H. C. Conklin in J. A. Fishman ReadingsSociol. ofLang. (1968) 416Single morphemes are necessarily lexemes, but for polymorphemic constructions the decision depends on meaning and use.
1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 206Polymorphemic words may consist wholly of free morphemes.
1957 H. S. Barber in Ann. RheumaticDis. XVI. 237/2,(1) A condition characterized by widespread muscular pains without arthritis but accompanied by a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and occasional pyrexia is described. (2) The relationship to rheumatoid disease is discussed and it is concluded that this is probably a clinical entity within the rheumatic group of diseases. (3) It is proposed to term the syndrome ‘*polymyalgia rheumatica’.
1971 Boyle & Buchanan Clin. Rheumatol. xvi. 434/2Polymyalgia rheumatica..affects subjects in the later years of life, the average age of onset being the late sixties.
1878 D. F. Lincoln tr. A. Eulenburg in Ziemssen'sCycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 133According to these, the disease consists in an essentially inflammatory process, a ‘*polymyositis chronica progressiva’.
1890 Billings Med. Dict. ,*Polymyositis, inflammation of a number of muscles, simultaneous or successive.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 461Primary affections of the muscle. (a) Acute polymyositis.
1895 Jrnl. Nervous & MentalDis. XXII. 316 (heading)*Polyneuritic psychoses.
1932 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Jan. 14/3His results..show that brain tissue from polyneuritic pigeons..has in vitro a lower power of oxygen uptake.
1968 M. Pyke Food & Society ii. 17The remarkable effects of a few milligrams of thiamine on a polyneuritic pigeon.
1886 W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. I. 91The term ‘multiple neuritis’ or ‘*polyneuritis’ is applied to the condition in which many nerves are inflamed simultaneously or in rapid succession.
1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 496Certain mineral poisons..induce paralysis by the establishment of polyneuritis.
1938 I. S. Wechsler in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 4 June 1913/2It is suggested that the term multiple neuropathy, *polyneuropathy or peripheral neuropathy be substituted for multiple neuritis in those cases in which both the cause and the pathologic changes point to a degenerative process.
1954 Jrnl. Neuropath. &Exper. Neurol. XIII. 168Severe polyneuropathy with massive involvement of the large nerve trunks may not only appear in association with the more chronic forms of diffuse connective tissue disease,..but may even dominate the clinical picture so as to obscure the diagnosis of the underlying disease.
1974 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxxiv. 36/2Polyneuropathy arises from dietary deficiencies, chemical poisoning and may be a manifestation of numerous diseases.
1818 Busby Gram. Mus. 99 note,The first of these styles of melody they term monodic, the second *polyodic. But this polyodic style of composition, after all, is nothing more than a compounding of harmony with melody.
1900 Heape in Q.Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Nov. 16There are two forms of sexual season evident in female mammals; the monœstrous, in which there is only a single œstrus at one or more particular times of the year (bitch), and the *polyœstrous, in which there are two or more concurrent diœstrous cycles at a particular time of the year (mare).
1919 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. XXVI. 131The females of the wild swine of Europe are monoestrous, according to Kaeppeli ('08), having but one period of heat in the year; but under domestication the sow becomes polyoestrous, coming in heat at intervals of two to four weeks.
1975 Sci. Amer. July 77/1The particular response of each species to light seems to depend on whether the species is monestrous or polyestrous, that is, on whether it normally ovulates once a year (in the spring or fall) or at regular intervals throughout the year.
1954 S. W. Golomb in Amer. Math. Monthly LXI. 675We shall generalize the ‘domino’ to the ‘*polyomino’... We define an n-omino as a simply-connected set of n squares of the checker-board which are ‘rook-wise connected’; that is, a rook placed at any square of the n-omino must be able to get to any other square, in a finite number of moves.
1965 ― Polyominoes 13Ever since I ‘invented’ polyominoes in 1953 in a talk to the Harvard Mathematics Club, I have found myself irrevocably committed to their care and feeding.
1972 W. F. Lunnon in R. C. Read Graph Theory & Computing 108Free polyominoes whose symmetry groups contain no improper elements..are enantiomorphic.
1974 Sci. Amer. Feb. 106Solomon W. Golomb's polyomino-placing game..has finally reached the marketplace.
1864 Webster, *Polyommatous, having many eyes.
1884 Ch. Times 8 Feb. 101Like the mysterious Beings in the Apocalypse, polyommatous—full of eyes.
1887 Science 3 June 534/2 In the natural world some beings are monorganic, others are *polyorganic.
1613 Jackson Creed ii. xxvii. §3As vsually is found in any *polyωticall Argus-eyed tyrannie.
1822 J. Wilson in Blackw.Mag. XII. 87It is all right and fitting that a quadruped, or *polyped, like Jack-with-the-many-legs, should go on foot.
1829 Southey Sir T. More II. 193Though it cannot be thrown down by a tempest, it may be shattered by it, and its polyped unity destroyed.
1647 Ward Simp. Cobler (1843) 5*Poly-piety is the greatest impiety in the world.
1918 R. Newstead in Ann. Trop. Med. &Parasitol. XII. 93The main pair of stigmata..lie in the deep cup-shaped cavity or pit between the *polypneustic lobes.
Ibid. 95The low-convex anal lobes or callosities were distinctly polypneustic in character.
1925 A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. 110In Glossina there are about 500 of these pores to a side which form the sculpturing on a pair of polypneustic lobes.
1962 Gordon & Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students ofMed. xxix. 182The larva contracts considerably to form a barrel-shaped object varying between 5 and 8 mm. in length, with the prominent polypneustic lobes of the larva still clearly visible.
1890 Cent. Dict. ,*Polypnœa.
1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 485A probable compensatory polypnœa or attack of dyspnœa.
1921 Physiol. Rev. I. 296Marsupials are the lowest mammals capable of ‘heat polypnea’.
1966 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CCX. 1270/1Free-breathing cats demonstrated a thermal polypnea similar to that reported for dogs, cattle, and monkeys.
1975 J. J. Groen in L. Levi Society, Stress &Dis. II. xxxiv. 350/2The child may substitute in situations of frustration another form of respiratory behaviour such as apnoea, polypnoea, or a peculiar kind of pressing with the abdominal muscles during expiration which..produces an expiratory wheeze.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. ,*Polypnœic, polypneic.
1934 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CIX. 528Any type of panting (the polypneic or the hyperpneic) that occurs after decortication is dependent on a rise in blood temperature.
1975 Biol. Abstr. LIX. 1795/1 (heading)Induction of polypneic threshold by heating during cat sleep cycle.
1853 Fraser's Mag. XLVII. 179We have never had such a *polyponous individual as the Rector of Lyndon.
1821 Sporting Mag. IX. 53The ancients boasted the power of their *Polyposists.
1873 Ganot Physics (ed. 6) vii. iii. §502That the angle of deviation increases with the refractive index may be shown by means of the *polyprism. This name is given to a prism formed of several prisms of the same angle connected at their bases.
1849 Craig, *Polyprismatic, presenting numerous prisms.
1864 Webster, Polyprismatic, having many lateral secondary planes, with or without the primary planes; said of a prismatic crystal.
1974 Jrnl. Virol. XIV. 261 (heading)Cleavage of mengovirus *polyproteins in vivo.
1975 Sci. Amer. May 27/3This huge protein, really a polyprotein, is then systematically cleaved by proteolytic enzymes.
1896 J. Donovan in ClassicalRev. Feb. 62/1The gradual development from extreme oligoprothesy to considerable *polyprothesy, in the Tragic writers, is especially dwelt on.
Ibid. ,The enquiry leads to the general law that prose is *polyprothetic and poetry oligoprothetic.
1876 World V. No. 105. 9If it is..intolerable for one gentleman to call another a *polypseudonymous writer.
1902 Swinburne in Q.Rev. July 30The polypseudonymous ruffian who uses and wears out as many stolen names as ever did even the most cowardly and virulent of literary poisoners.
1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 928The Pomiferous Trees and Shrubs,..these are all *Polypyrene.
1706 Phillips, *Polypyrenous Fruit,..such Fruit of Trees, Herbs, etc. as contain two or more Kernels or Seeds within it.
1858 in Mayne Expos. Lex.
1890 Cent. Dict. ,*Polyrhizal.
1858 Mayne Expos. Lex. ,Polyrhizus,..having many roots,..*polyrhizous.
1962 Science 28 Dec. 1401/2 An intrinsic property of the *polyribosomal unit.
1970 Sci. Jrnl. Apr. 36In the unaltered cytoplasm surrounding these areas ribosomes were gathered into polyribosomal aggregates, indicating very active synthesis of protein.
1962 *Polyribosome . [ see polysome]
1973 Sci. Amer. Apr. 41/1As the synthesis of the messenger RNA proceeds, giving rise to a longer strand of RNA, more ribosomes attach themselves to the strand. They form a string called a polyribosome, which continues the translation of the elongating messenger RNA.
1925 Bull. IllinoisNat. Hist. Survey XV. 440The septic or grossly polluted portions of a stream... The organisms of this zone are those which have been termed by Kolkwitz and Marsson..*polysaprobic and by Forbes and Richardson..septic or saprobic.
1932 Trans. Brit. Mycol.Soc. XVII. 112The association of polysaprobic organisms occurs in waters rich in decaying organic matter.
1933 . [ see oligosaprobicadj. s.v. oligo-]
1946 Jrnl. Ecol. XXXIII. 274Judging from data obtained from other rivers the amounts of algal growth appear to fall into four groups,..in the polysaprobic waters ( e.g. the river Tame) the numbers..are low.
1950 Folia Limnologica Scandinavica V. 76 The polysaprobic zone is defined in a chemical respect as the zone in which reduction of the polluting substances takes place.
1973 M. A. Sleigh Biol. Protozoa xi. 265The largest numbers of protozoan organisms occur in polysaprobic conditions.
1873 F. Hall Mod. Eng. 170Multivocals..are of three sorts. I. *Polysemants, where there is identity of form in the symbols of primary significations and their derivatives; as (a) burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, presents, preterites, and participles; as (b) love, substantive and verb, or ill, adjective, adverb, and substantive; and as (c) post, stage, the substantives. II. Homographs, identical to the eye;..III. Homophones, identical to the ear only.
1862 ― HinduPhilos. Syst. 75 note,This is not the Sánkhya ‘nature’, prakṛiti, but our own *polysemantic ‘nature’.
1939 L. H. Gray Foundations ofLang. 255Words are very frequently polysemantic.
1960 E. Delavenay Introd. MachineTransl. vi. 81In recent concise dictionaries the vocabulary of the English language comprises some 60,000 word entries: this number may run four times as high if each meaning of each polysemantic word is entered separately.
1961 Amer. Speech XXXVI. 5 (heading)Polysemantic extensions of ‘dog’ and allied terms.
1966 S. Ceccato in AutomaticTransl. ofLang. (NATO Summer School, Venice, 1962) 75First of all there is the problem of the *polysemanticity of the individual words.
1939 L. H. Gray Foundations ofLang. ix. 258The principle of analogy or metaphor in *polysemantism..appears when the name of a well known historical..figure is extended to persons supposed to resemble that character.
1946 Word II. 124 Synchronic semasiology..deals with..problems like homonyms, homophones, synonyms, polysemantism.
1904 Gardner Dante's Ten Heavens 11We are told in the Letter to Can Grande that the poem is *polysensuous.
1899 Dublin Rev. Jan. 211We do not think that Mr. Paget Toynbee quite realises in the Dictionary..the *poly⁓sensuousness of Beatrice.
1900 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Dec. 1693/2Italian physicians..have given a name or names to this multiple inflammation of the serous cavities... The names are *polyserositis and polyorromenitis.
1915 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CL. 518 (heading)Chronic lead-poisoning in guinea-pigs: with special reference to nephritis, cirrhosis, and polyserositis.
1966 Wright & Symmers SystemicPath. I. i. 5/1Occasionally, as a result of the compression of the inferior vena cava by the coarse fibrous tissue, a syndrome known as ‘polyserositis’ or Concato's disease develops in which fluid gradually collects in the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
1862 H. W. Bellew Jrnl. Pol. Mission Afghanistan 216The only clean..building is a *polysided domed mosque..that stands on an eminence overlooking the village.
1898 Sedgwick Textbk. Zool. I. 125 note,The coenosark or hydrocaulus is said to be fascicled or *polysiphonic when it is composed of several adherent tubes.
1857 Berkeley Cryptog.Bot. §133Of those green Algae which are masked by calcareous matter, there are two series distinguished by their monosiphonous or *polysiphonous stems.
1951 Strauss & Jackson in Jrnl. PolymerSci. VI.*Polysoaps are defined as polymers to whose chain soap molecules are attached.
1976 Nature 5 Aug. 519/2 Some enzymes may be converted into surface-active amphipathic conjugates by covalent coupling to certain types of polymeric detergents (polysoaps).
1778 W. H. Marshall MinutesAgric. , Digest 18A Unisoil Farm requires fewer Implements than a *Polysoil Farm.
1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Dec. 1643/2The subject of *polysomatous terata.
1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 251Groups of *polysomitic segments, which..receive the name of thorax and abdomen.
1950 H. Gastaut in Electroencephalogr. &Clin. Neurophysiol. II. 250/1In the EEG is a burst of very large amplitude rhythmic spikes of a frequency equal to that of the flashes; these are bilateral and synchronized, and appear predominantly in the precentral and frontal regions where they can in fact be localized... These spikes are sometimes quite pure and thus constitute the complex for which we have proposed the name ‘*polyspike’.
1975 S. Arieti Amer. Handbk. Psychiatry (ed. 2) IV. xiii. 320/2The state is associated with prolonged EEG discharge of the 3-Hz. spike-wave type as well as..slower and faster components with polyspikes.
1887 Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 417/2 (Sponge)A continued spiral growth through several revolutions gives the *poly⁓spire.
1888 ― in ChallengerRep. XXV. p. lxii,Polyspire... A spire of two or more revolutions.
1849 Balfour Man. Bot. §392If the stamens are double the sepals or petals..the flower is diplostemonous..; if more than double, *polystemonous.
1861 Bentley Man. Bot. 254Polystemenous ,..as in the Rose. [ sic]
1889 H. E. Handerson tr. Baas'Outl. Hist. Med. 1016The stethoscope of Landouzy (*polystethoscope) with several tubes at one end, so that several persons can listen to the same murmur at once.
1863 R. Townsend Mod. Geom. I. 144A complete figure which..may be termed a *polystigm in the former case, and a polygram in the latter.
1881 Blackmore Christowell x. I. 152As the *polystigmatic view deepened, her name accrusted finally to the positive form of ‘Spotty’.
1843 Civil Eng. &Arch. Jrnl. VI. 195/1A picturesque piece of *poly⁓stylar composition.
Ibid. 263/2Such apertures must prove..at variance with its columnar and *polystyle character.
1837–8 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xix. (1866) I. 363A series of correlative syllogisms, following each other in the reciprocal relation of antecedent and consequent is called a *Poly⁓syllogism.
1952 New Biol. XII. 28The only method at present available for diagnosing monozygosity involves comparison of as many morphological and physiological characters as possible—the so called ‘*polysymptomatic similarity’ method which is that normally used for determining the zygotic nature of twins in man.
1962 A. Bourne Doctor's Creed vi. 117The unhappy woman is the victim of constant physical troubles which present a polysymptomatic picture which is quite incurable by the ordinary methods of clinical medicine.
1977 Lancet 24/31 Dec. 1340/1 What do you do with a polysymptomatic patient in whom the only positive finding is an enlarged liver?
1709–10 Henley in Swift'sWks. (1841) II. 452/2When the *polytasted wine excited jovial thoughts and banished serious reflections.
1905 Faith of Christian ( ed. 2) 12/1We have simply substituted what may be called *poly⁓thelemism, or the doctrine of many wills, for the doctrine of polytheism.
1894 W. R. Williams Dis. Breast iv. 56In other cases one or more supernumerary nipples, each with its own areola, have been met with, in various positions, on a single breast (intramammary *polythelia).
1928 . [ see polymastia]
1970 H. P. Leis Diagnosis &Treatm. Breast Lesions iv. 60Polythelia or accessory nipples may occur along the ‘milk line’ from the axilla to the symphysis pubis or anywhere over a given breast.
1886 *Polythelism . [ see polymastism]
1928 F. Z. Snoop From Monotremes to Madonna 23*Polythely. This last form is commoner in men than women.
1852 Ecclesiologist XIII. 63 They are read,—we mean read in *polytone,—by the Priest.
1866 J. B. Dykes in P. Freeman Rites & Ritual 106The use of the monotone dropped and gave place to our modern careless unecclesiastical polytone.
1974 Tetrahedron XXX. 1596/1 The concept of shape is presented in terms of a dihedral angle relationship between adjacent *polytopal faces. This procedure was first employed..to map out structural form in the relatively complicated 8-atom family.
1908 Proc. Sect.Sci. Koninkl. Akad. van Wetensch. Amsterdam X. 689This leads us gradually to the question, whether it is not possible to point out one or more *polytopes—if not quite regular ones—which with C5 fill the fourdimensional space.
1929 D. M. Y. Sommerville Introd. Geom. N Dimensions x. 190In a plane there are an unlimited number of regular polygons and 3 regular networks, in space of three dimensions there are 5 regular polyhedra and one regular honeycomb, in S4 there are 6 regular polytopes and three regular honeycombs, in space of more than four dimensions there are just three regular polytopes and one regular honeycomb.
1974 H. S. M. Coxeter Regular Complex Polytopes xiii. 141The regular polytopes and honeycombs so far considered are the only ones that can exist in unitary spaces.
1611 B. Jonson in Coryat Crudities,Charac. Authour,The character of y⊇ famous Odcombian or rather *Polytopian Thomas the Coryate.
1904 Science 10 June 885/1 The idea that a species may originate in more than one place..did not originate with Briquet, but he resuscitated it and christened it the *polytopic theory.
1939 Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 271We are forced to fall back on the theory of polyphyletic and polytopic evolution.
1970 Watsonia VIII. 143 The distribution of the hexaploids in Britain does not show any obvious pattern.., and this agrees with Rousi's suggestion that hexaploids have had a polytopic origin from the tetraploids.
1876 C. A. Cutter Rules for PrintedDict. Catal. 14It will be well to have both words,—polygraphic denoting (as now) collections of several works by one or many authors, *polytopical denoting works on many subjects.
1961 T. Landau Encycl. Librarianship (ed. 2) 282/1Polytopical. Descriptive of a book treating of several subjects.
1605 Earl Stirling AlexandrœanArgt. ,Which multitude of murthers gave..to me the subject of this *Polytragicke Tragedie.
1858 Mayne Expos. Lex. ,Polyuresia, *Polyuresis.
1842 Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 3) 562/1*Polyuria, diabetes.
1870 J. R. Cormack tr. Trousseau'sLect. Clin. Med. III. lxv. 533Polyuria, saccharine diabetes, and also sometimes albuminuria, may, in succession, attack the same individual.
1876 tr. Wagner'sGen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 584Polyuria is absent, but there exists a frequent desire for micturition.
1890 Lancet 1 Nov. 938/1 Reducing the polyuria and the thirst.
1870 J. R. Cormack tr. Trousseau'sLect. Clin. Med. III. lxv. 536,I have..had the pain to see nearly all the *polyuric patients whom I had to treat, waste away rapidly.
1885 W. Roberts Urinary & RenalDis. ii. i. (ed. 4) 245In poly⁓uric subjects the contractile power of the renal vessels is apparently paralysed.
1890 Pop. Sc. Monthly Feb. 500For the protection of the mulberry-trees, the raising of *poly⁓voltines, or worms that hatch several broods a year, is forbidden in many countries.
1953 Parasitology XLII. 260 (table) *Polyxenic. Several. [ Number of associated organisms] New. [ Source of term]
1976 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 128Laboratory stocks of many protozoa are maintained on mono- to polyxenic substrates. In an attempt to establish axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica, spontaneous and sporadic lysis in these amoeba developed.
1854 J. Scoffern in Orr'sCirc. Sc. ,Chem. 353The designation of polysulphurets has been applied.
1866 Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 687Polyterebenes, hydrocarbons polymeric with oil of turpentine.
1877 Watts Fownes'Chem. (ed. 12) II. 185Polyglycerius. Two, three, or more molecules of glycerin can unite into a single molecule, with elimination of a number of water-molecules less by one than the number of glycerin molecules which combine together.
1854 J. Scoffern in Orr'sCirc. Sc. ,Chem. 353These polysulphuretted combinations are decomposed.
1866 Odling Anim. Chem. 113We cannot doubt that corresponding acids with three and four atoms of oxygen are also formed, as in other modes of oxidation;..such poly-oxygen acids being much less volatile.
1873 Watts Fownes'Chem. (ed. 11) 621Polyethenic alcohols..contain the elements of two or more molecules of ethene oxide combined with one molecule of water.
1957 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIX. 2023/2Experiments were carried out with poly-A and poly-U prepared..with polyribonucleotide phosphorylase from E.coli.
1968 W. Müller in E. Harbers et al. Introd. Nucleic Acids iii. 51Below pH 6, polyA yields fibers with high negative birefringence.
1975 Poly(A) . [ see polyadenylic acid below]
1931 Chem. Rev. VIII. 371The reaction between glycols and acetaldehyde (or acetylene) presents the possibility of forming cyclic acetals..or polyacetals.
1967 Times Rev. Industry June 72/3There are in hand expansion programmes covering polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, butadiene, polyacetals, and polyesters.
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 578Polyacetal is largely crystalline and not transparent. It resists weathering well and..shows little cold flow.
1885 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. 759 (heading)Polyacetylene compounds.
1952 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. 1588/2From these spectra, Dr. Sörensen identified our compounds as polyacetylenes.
1967 New Scientist 13 Apr. 95/2 In recent years the widespread occurrence in fungi and plants..of straight-chain ‘polyacetylenes’..has been recognized.
1978 Sci. Amer. Dec. 66/1It is conceivable that a polyacetylene film could replace ordinary metal conductors in some special circumstances, such as where weight or resistance to corrosion is important.
1952 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. 1588/2The isolation of polyacetylenic compounds from several genera of Compositae.
1961 Chem. Nat. Products (I.U.P.A.C.) I. 570The cis-lachnophyllum ester..is also most unusual in being a polyacetylenic compound which has been used in industry.
1944 Jrnl. Org. Chem. IX. 501Another possible source of polyvinylamine would be the hypobromite degradation of polyacrylamide.
1962 H. Bloemendal et al. in A. Pirie Lens MetabolismRel. Cataract 300The large size of α-crystallin is responsible for its electrophoretic behaviour..in polyacrylamide gel.
1976 Nature 18 Nov. 264/1 Polypeptides were identified by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.
1932 Chem. Abstr. XXVI. 1249With the polyacrylate salts,..the process is approx. reversible.
1946 . [ see polymethacrylate below]
1974 P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Manual v. 117Polymers of the colloidal type..do not aggregate solids, as do the polyacrylates.
1930 Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 1563Colloid mols. may be homeopolar (polystyrols, rubber), or heteropolar (polyacrylic acid salts, albuminoids).
1939 Jrnl. R.Aeronaut. Soc. XLIII. 241The article deals with the mechanical and physical properties of four representative transparent plastic resins: Cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polymer mixtures and polyacrylic esters.
1943 Ibid. XLVII. 140The polyacrylic resins are thermoplastic, and articles can be made of them by moulding or extrusion.
1959 Times Rev. Industry Sept. 4/1The last 20 years have seen the development of non-cellulosic fibres such as..polyacrylics (Courtelle, Orlon, Acrilan).
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 560The chemical composition of polyacrylic acid, as the basic polymer of the whole class of acrylics, permits the production of many derivatives.
1935 C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. 1072Hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile in the presence of water also gives an aqueous solution of the polymerized acid.
1963 A. J. Hall TextileSci. ii. 89Great difficulty has attended the devising of a satisfactory process for spinning Orlon from polyacrylonitrile.
1969 Nature 25 Jan. 357/2 Cellulose and polyacrylonitrile..have been found to produce carbon fibre of good strength and modulus.
1956 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXVIII. 3548/2While studying the X-ray diffraction patterns of synthetic nucleotide polymers, we mixed together the sodium salts of polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid.
1961 Jrnl. MolecularBiol. III. 78The helical molecule of polyadenylic acid consists of two polynucleotide chains organized about a twofold rotation axis.
1975 Nature 27 Nov. 357/1 Polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) is present at the 3′ terminus of most classes of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs..in all eukaryotic organisms reported so far.
1900 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter'sOrg. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 247Of the aromatic polyalcohols, having the hydroxyl groups attached to different carbon atoms of the same side-chain, it is only the glycols and their oxidation products which have been studied in any sense completely.
1974 Nature 19 Apr. 668/1 The donor and acceptor groups were aliphatic hydroxyl groups in polyalcohols, saccharides and related compounds.
1962 New Scientist 22 Mar. 697/2 They are described as stereoregular crystalline plastics and have been given the name polyallomers because their highly crystalline structure differs in chemical composition from other crystalline plastics.
1962 H. J. Hagemeyer in Mod. Plastics June 157/2The term polyallomer was coined to identify this new class of polymers and to distinguish them from previous known homopolymers and copolymers... These new polymers are examples of allomerism in polymer chemistry. [ by the writer]
1975 C. A. Harper Handbk. Plastics & Elastomers i. 91Polyallomers are superior to polyethylene in flow characteristics, moldability, softening point, hardness, stress-crack resistance, and mold shrinkage.
1975 Nature 18 Dec. 638/2 CsCl powder (5·4g) was added to the solution in a siliconised polyallomer tube.
1861 Proc. R.Soc. XI. 281 (heading)Monacid polyamines.
1875 Chem. News 2 July 1/1 (heading)The mono character of ethylen and other polyamines.
1910 N. V. Sidgwick Org. Chem. Nitrogen iii. 72This looseness of attachment of the nitrogen is characteristic of these poly-amines.
1965 New Scientist 25 Mar. 795/2 Polyamines such as spermine and putrescine have been found in vegetable embryos and the seeds of various plants.
1931 Chem. Rev. VIII. 371 (heading)Polyanhydrides.
1932 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIV. 1584Polyanhydrides derived from dibasic acids of the series HOOC(CH2)xCOOH are especially easy to obtain in the superpolymeric state.
1972 Encycl. PolymerSci. &Technol. X. 649The best fiber-forming properties are found..in the series of polyanhydrides prepared from di(p-carboxyphenoxy)⁓α,ω-alkanes.
1940 U.S. Patent 2,199,397 4/2A process for producing new surface active products which comprises reacting trimethylamine with a polybrominated palmitic acid.
1977 Time 4 Apr. 56/3 Michigan farmers..last year lost thousands of cattle to poisoning when a fire retardant called polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) was accidentally mixed with feed.
1977 Lancet 9 Apr. 790/2 When, in the U.S. A., flame resistance in children's sleeping clothes became mandatory, industry responded promptly, using those polychlorinated or polybrominated compounds which were to hand.
1935 Chem. Abstr. XXIX. 3976Polyethylene sulfone..and polypropylene sulfone..decompose..above 300°, polybutadiene sulfone, polyisoprene sulfone,..at 200–20°.
1946 F. Marchionna Butalastic Polymers vii. 209In this method there are obtained 1-ethenyl-3-cyclohexene and low molecular weight polybutadiene.
1960 Times 28 Sept. 21/6 When the Shell Chemical Company announced that they would be making polybutadiene and poly-isoprene in the United Kingdom it marked another important step in the production of synthetic rubbers in Britain.
1975 Sci. Amer. Dec. 101/1Polymers that exhibit rubbery behaviour at room temperature include polyisoprene (natural rubber) and polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber).
1898 Proc. Chem. Soc. XIV. 179The preparation of a number of salts of polycarboxylic acids..is described.
1947 . [ see polyions.v. poly- 1]
1970 Jrnl. PolymerSci. A. VIII. 1483The polycarboxylic resins act in a manner similar to some monomeric polycarboxylic acids.
1931 W. H. Carothers et al. inJrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIII. 4206We will call this product µ-polychloroprene to distinguish it from other chloroprene polymers that will be described later in this paper.
1951 Engineering 7 Sept. 289/3 The insulation employed includes..vulcanised rubber with sheaths of lead alloy or polychloroprene compound.
1970 Cabinet Maker & Retail Furnisher 30 Oct. 208/3 Adhesives based on neoprene or more generally polychloroprene have been used for many years for bonding decorative laminates to various core materials.
1946 Nature 17 Aug. 224/1 Quite a number of vinyl polymers, poly-esters, polyamides, and polydienes give well-defined patterns indicative of a high degree of internal order, provided they are stretched as in rubber or are drawn into fibres as in polyamides.
1960 Times Rev. Industry May 53/3Also at the end of March came the announcement from Shell Chemicals that it is to build a plant..for the manufacture of polydiene rubbers, polybutadiene and polyisoprene.
1960 Economist 28 May 896/2 The main increase will be in butyl rubber..and in the new polydienes—polyisoprene and polybutadiene rubber—which the makers hope will prove suitable for heavy-duty tyres.
1928 Chem. Abstr. XXII. 1768 (heading)Addition of hydrogen and bromine to the poly-enes.
1934 Science 25 May 489/1 The names which have been given to almost all the known polyene pigments have had a taxonomic origin in either botany or zoology.
1970 New Scientist 5 Nov. 260/1 The polyene macrolides are an important group of antibiotics.
1961 Webster, Polyenic.
1972 Nature 21 Jan. 132/1 A quite different kind of molecule..is the polyenic visual pigment constituent, retinal.
1976 Chem. PhysicsLett. XLIII. 270The Raman spectra show..large shifts of vibrational frequencies relative to other polyenic polymers and oligomers.
1949 Arch. Biochem. XX. 333Table II shows the composition of the various tissue fatty acids with respect to dienoic, trienoic, and polyenoic fatty acids.
1964 Oceanogr. & MarineBiol. II. 181Gas-liquid chromatography revealed so little polyenoic C18 acids that the mean unsaturation could generally only be expressed as monethenoid.
1935 Biochem. Jrnl. XXIX. 1553 (heading)Polyethenoid acids.
1951 H. J. Deuel Lipids I. ii. 20From a quantitative standpoint, linoleic acid is the most important of the polyethenoid acids found in vegetable oils.
1957 Lancet 13 Apr. 787/1 The poly-ethenoids in fish oils are so different from those in the other food fats.
1964 Oceanogr. & MarineBiol. II. 177The polyethenoid alcohols never seem to amount to more than traces . [ in the depot lipids of fish]
Ibid. 179There are some suggestive findings to indicate that polyethenoids and long-chain homologues may..be greatly reduced in amount . [ in the castor-oil fish, Ruvettus pretiosus]
1935 Hill & Carothers in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LVII. 925/2Compared with the polyesters derived from carbonic acid, the rate of distillation was quite slow; in this respect, the polyformals resembled the..polyesters derived from the higher dibasic acids such as sebacic.
1962 J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics vii. 91When fabrics are treated with the polyformal they have a softer handle and better resistance to abrasion than when treated with formaldehyde alone.
1959 Trans. FaradaySoc. LV. 1484The polarized spectra of oriented films of Delrin, a commercial polyformaldehyde resin have been investigated.
1965 Haslam & Willis Identif. &Anal. Plastics viii. 248Polyformaldehyde is inherently an unstable polymer and if unmodified decomposes rapidly on heating.
1973 E. H. Immergut tr. Vollmert's PolymerChem. ii. 253Polyformaldehyde..can be transformed to transparent and hard plastics with high mechanical strength.
1945 H. Fraenkel-Conrat et al. inJrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXVII. 317/1Polyglutamic acid was prepared..from a bacterial culture medium.
1970 A. L. Lehninger Biochem. vi. 113Polyglutamic acid is a random coil at pH 7·0 because its R groups at that pH are all negatively charged. However, at pH 2·0, its R groups have no charge, and it readily forms an α-helix.
1906 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XC. i. 403 (heading)Action of nitrous acid on polyglycine esters.
1956 Nature 18 Feb. 326/1 The two crystallographic forms of polyglycine..have recently been reinvestigated.
1968 E. J. DuPraw Cell & MolecularBiol. xii. 290 (caption)A molecule of polyglycine, the simplest possible polypeptide chain.
1889 G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen'sText-bk. Org. Chem. 193Ethylene glycol combines with glycol to form the so-called Polyglycols, e.g. Di-ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH){b1}O{b1}C2H4(OH).
1959 Times 3 Mar. 7/6 Shell chemicals are already extensively used..in hydraulic brake fluids (glycols, glycol ethers and polyglycols).
1961 H. R. Simonds SourceBk. New Plastics II. iv. 49The polyglycols are receiving increased attention as intermediates in plastics compounds.
1956 Chem. Abstr. L. 11349HOCH2CO2H..(7·6 g.) standing with 100 cc. dioxane-Et2O (1:3) satd. with HCl at room temp. gave 0·8 g. of a polyglycolic acid H(OCH2CO)nOH.., m. 126–8°.
1969 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 May 308/1A synthetic absorbable suture material made of polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) has recently been developed.
1977 Lancet 28 May 1128/1 The results of using interrupted nylon skin sutures or subcuticular polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) sutures after appendicectomy were compared in a prospective controlled trial in 127 patients.
1895 Thomson & Bloxam Bloxam'sChem. (ed. 8) 587 (heading)Polyhydroxy-monobasic acids.
1913 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CIV. i. 1147 (heading)The spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups of polyhydroxy-compounds.
1945 . [ see polyisocyanate]
1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xiv. 545A number of elements and compounds have the ability to form glasses. Examples include..most polymeric materials such as polystyrene, and many poly-hydroxy compounds, e.g. water, glycol and glycerol.
1967 New Scientist 4 May 270/3 The darkening in afrormosia, another African hardwood, is due to certain polyhydroxystilbenes.
1951 L. H. Long tr. Hückel'sStruct. Chem. Inorg. Compounds II. xi. 916A further example is the intensification of the acidity of the very weak boric acid by complex-formation with organic polyhydroxyl compounds.
1957 B. A. Dombrow Polyurethanes i. 2If we take the urethane group, and, instead of..a simple alcohol,..utilize a polyhydroxyl material like glycol, etc., a point of growth is produced.
1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xi. 710Various organic substances, either colloids, such as gum arabic, or crystalloids, such as ascorbic acid and other polyhydroxyl compounds.., stabilize ferric hydroxide sols.
1931 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. XXXV. 1893 (table)Polyisobutylene.
1935 C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins I. ix. 166Staudinger and Brunner have examined isobutylene polymerized in the presence of floridin... They separated the resulting mixture..into tri-isobutylene, pentaisobutylene, and a polyisobutylene.
1942 Industr. &Engin. Chem. Oct. 1192/1The high degree of chemical stability and excellent dielectric properties of polyisobutylene have led to its widespread commercial use.
1966 Economist 1 Oct. 84/3 Later the two companies may co-operate in making polyisobutylene, plastic foam and other products.
1947 E. Katchalski et al. inJrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXIX. 2564/2On extending experiments concerning polymerization of amino acids to basic amino acids, we succeeded in preparing poly-lysine.
1964 G. H. Haggis et al.Introd. MolecularBiol. iii. 55In acid solution,..polylysine forms a flexible chain, the repulsion between the side chains preventing helix formation.
1973 Nature 6 Apr. 361/1 He was the first to synthesize polylysine, a molecule that is much used in immunological research. [ sc. E. Katchalsky]
1935 C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. liii. 1078The metallic..polymethacrylates are said to possess useful thermoplastic and film-forming properties.
1946 Nature 17 Aug. 224/1 The most notable exceptions are polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, and polyvinyl acetate. The X-ray diffraction patterns produced by these amorphous polymers yield practically no information regarding their constitution.
1973 Sci. Amer. Aug. 111/3Lenses, mirrors and fiber optics of plastics, usually polymethacrylate and polystyrene, are often made by glass-working techniques.
1897 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXII. i. 399 (heading)Polymethacrylic acid.
1935 C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. liii. 1080Polymethacrylic acid begins to decompose at 200°C.
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 559In polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and the amide derivatives..the polymers decompose on heating as the softening point is reached.
1931 Jrnl. PhysicalChem. XXXIV. 44To account for lack of mobility in the shift of equilibrium, we can picture the aluminum oxychloride sol as resembling the polyol basic chromic salts reported by Bjerrum.
1948 W. Pigman Chem. Carbohydrates vi. 232The designation ‘polyols’ introduced here is synonymous with the longer, customary term, polyhydric alcohols.
1962 R. van Heyningen in A. Pirie Lens MetabolismRel. Cataract 396A comprehensive review on the biochemistry of acyclic polyols has just been published.
1975 Nature 17 Jan. 194/1 Since glycerol causes cell fusion, other polyols have been investigated for fusogenic properties.
1930 Industr. &Engin. Chem. June 591/1Polymerization (A polymers). Examples: Olefins and poly-olefins, unsaturated hydrocarbons, azo-compounds.
1936 Trans. FaradaySoc. XXXII. 5Dimerisation is observed with the olefines and it is possible that the polyolefines may be built up in this way.
1959 Economist 7 Mar. 895/2 By 1961, with these new plants, British capacity in ‘polyolefin’ plastics will be over 150,000 tons a year.
1962 B.S.I. News Dec. 19/2 The viscosity number of polyolefines.
1969 L. S. Mounts in W. R. R. Park Plastics FilmTechnol. v. 122Low density polyethylene films..constitute the largest segment of the polyolefin film market.
1939 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXI. 1905/2This method..was used in the present work to synthesize the 6-, 18- and 42-membered polyoxyethylene glycols.
1952 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopœia ( ed. 23) I. 574The polyoxyethylene derivatives are mostly soluble or dispersible in water.
1960 A. E. Bender Dict. Nutrition 100/1Monoglycerides are soluble in fat, but by reacting with ethylene oxide the resulting polyoxyethylene derivatives become water-soluble to whatever degree is required.
1972 Materials & Technol. V. ix. 265Polyoxyethylene dioleate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether are viscous liquids and act as non-ionic emulsifiers.
Ibid. x. 309The polyoxyethylene alcohol surfactants range in solubility from completely oil-soluble to completely water-soluble, depending on the number of moles of ethylene oxide added.
1908 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 131When heated in the open, these three poly⁓oxymethylenes volatilise without first melting.
1930 Chem. News 24 Oct. 264/2The ends of the long chains might be saturated by groups such as hydroxyl, methoxyl, or acid residues, as in the case with poly-oxymethylenes.
1952 New Biol. XII. 109The clouds in the atmosphere of Venus..are said by some to be dust and by others to be polyoxymethylene.
1959 Jrnl. Appl. Physics XXX. 1516/1 (caption)Single crystals of an acetal resin, polyoxymethylene.
1975 Sci. Amer. Dec. 104/2Examples of drawable semicrystalline polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, and nylon.
1894 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVI. i. 415It is noteworthy that all polyphenols derived from pyrogallol yield blue compounds.
1947 Sci. News V. 90Many substances to be found in soil will reduce manganese dioxide, for example, polyphenols and sulphydryl compounds.
1973 Sci. Amer. Dec. 62/1The abundance in the leaves of plants of distasteful and toxic compounds such as alkaloids and polyphenols.
1928 Chem. Abstr. XXII. 411 (heading)Complexes of uranyl with polyphenolic acids.
1958 Times 22 Dec. 1/5 ( Advt. ),Synthesis and testing of natural polyphenolic compounds as anti-oxidants.
1913 Chem. Abstr. VII. 796They ..defend the use of the term polyphenoloxidase used to designate the enzyme which oxidizes chiefly the polyphenols and polyamines. [ sc. Battelli and Stern]
1956 New Biol. XX. 96Browning may be associated with phenolic substances..and their subsequent polymerization to melanins by the action of polyphenoloxidases present in the host cells. [ of tomatoes]
1973 F. B. Abeles Ethylene in PlantBiol. viii. 205Polyphenol oxidase is a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of phenols such as tyrosine and is responsible for the blackening of cut raw potatoes on exposure to air.
1974 R. G. S. Bidwell PlantPhysiol. vi. 119Several enzymes that oxidize phenols to quinones are known. Two of the most important are monophenol oxidase (tyrosinase) and polyphenol oxidase (catechol oxidase).
1931 Chem. Rev. VIII. 375In a similar way the oxidation of phenols may lead to the formation of polyphenylene ethers.
1965 Jrnl. Appl. PolymerSci. IX. 513Polyphenylenes tend to be brittle and intractable.
1965 Mod. PlasticsEncycl. 1966 303/1Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) is a new high performance engineering thermoplastic, with a unique combination of properties.
1971 New Scientist 24 June 761/1 Printed circuitry utilises..polyphenylene oxide parts.
1975 J. A. Brydson Plastics Materials (ed. 3) xxi. 470Several substituted linear polyphenylenes have also been prepared but none appear to have the resistance to thermal decomposition shown by the simple poly-p-phenylene.
1908 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. ii. 838The various supposed polyphosphates can be considered theoretically as formed by the union of pyrophosphate and metaphosphate in various proportions.
1960 A. E. Bender Dict. Nutrition 100/2Polyphosphates, complex phosphates added to foods, in particular to meat products... Include pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10), longer phosphate chains of 100 phosphate units, polyphosphate glasses prepared by rapid quenching of Na2O{b1}P2O5 melts.
1962 Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xx. 397Linear polyphosphates..are salts of anions of general formula (n + 2)-. [ PnO3n + 1]
Ibid. 398Cyclic polyphosphates..are salts of anions of general formula n-. [ PnO3n]
1895 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. ii. 445 (heading)New polyphosphoric acid, H5P3O10, and its salts.
1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXII. 2962/2In order to test this hypothesis the reaction was carried out in polyphosphoric acid, a commercially available mixture of the ‘strong phosphoric acids’.
1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. ix. 229Snyder et al. (1954) have shown that the hydrolysis of cyanides with polyphosphoric acid gives very good yields of amide.
1944 Mod. Plastics Nov. 124/1 (caption)The formation of silicones... Condensation to siloxanes... A polysiloxane.
1946 Industr. &Engin. Chem. Nov. 1117/1Industrial attention has been directed to the liquid polysiloxanes since the announcement in 1944 that silicones were in commercial production.
1955 Brown & Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) 391The resultant organosilicon chlorides are hydrolysed to silanols which condense into the polysiloxanes or silicones.
1959 B. S. Garvey in M. Morton Introd. RubberTechnol. i. 33The silicone rubbers are polysiloxanes.
1932 Nature 19 Nov. 756/1 He has prepared a polystyrol (C8H8)6000, with about 100,000 atoms in the molecule and a molecular weight of 600,000. [ sc. H. Staudinger]
1940 ‘Plastes’ Plastics in Industry vi. 73Polystyrol..is mechanically somewhat weaker than cellulose acetate.
1966 Economist 16 July 263/1 ( Advt. ),Technical synthesis of styrol for polystyrol and Buna synthesis.
1849 H. Watts tr. Gmelin'sHandbk. Chem. III. ii. 98The aqueous solution of the polysulphide of sodium is yellow.
1871 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 215From the formation of polysulphides of ammonium and water.
1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met.U.S. 615Some sulphurets from Nevada County were digested in a solution of sodium polysulphide, with the addition of free sulphur.
1935 C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. lviii. 1170As some of the commercial sulphur resins are polysulphides, Thomas and Riding's work on the alkyl polysulphides should be considered.
1959 B. S. Garvey in M. Morton Introd. RubberTechnol. i. 33The Thiokols are polysulfides of organic dihalides.
1959 J. S. Jorczak in Ibid. xv. 363Polysulfide polymers were first introduced in 1930.
1963 C. R. Cowell et al. Inlays, Crowns, & Bridges v. 50One brand of polysulphide rubber is supplied in two viscosities, a more fluid grade for use with a syringe and injection into the cavity, and a more viscous grade for use in an impression tray.
1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 578The sulphides redissolving in excess sulphide mostly give rise to polysulphide anions, e.g. 2-. [ SnS3]
1934 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LVI. 1815/2Seyer and King have suggested a polysulfone structure..for the addition product of cyclohexene and sulfur dioxide.
1967 Times Rev. Industry June 68/1In the main these are specialist materials offering advances in thermal, mechanical or electrical properties, and include the phenoxy polymers, the polysulphones, methyl pentene polymers, to mention a few.
1971 New Scientist 24 June 761/1 Polysulphone moulded components perform satisfactorily in various aircraft parts.
1885 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. i. 551The author proposes to classify the terpenes as follows:..C Polyterpenes. 1. Tripentenes, C15H24.. 2. Tetrapentenes, C20H32.. 3. Polyterpenes, (C10H16)x, such as caoutchouc, &c. [ sc. O. Wallach]
1956 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. II. viii. 250Rubber is the most important polyterpene.
1970 Encycl. PolymerSci. &Technol. XIII. 577Serious attempts are being made by the resin manufacturers to develop a substitute for polyterpenes from petroleum distillates.
Ibid. 591Polyterpene and terpene-urethan resins are used as additives in the preparation of hot-melt coating mixtures.
1936 L. F. Fieser Chem. Nat. Products related to Phenanthrene 358Previously polyterpenoid compounds had been known to occur only in plants.
1964 New Scientist 22 Oct. 220/1 A feature of polyterpenoids which had already been noted by chemists was that the carbon skeletons of their molecules could usually be dissected into five-carbon units with branched chains.
1971 G. P. Moss in K. H. Overton Terpenoids & Steroids I. v. 198Although the best-known polyterpenoid is rubber, recent work has demonstrated a range of polyprenols and related compounds such as vitamins E and K.
1930 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LII. 2474Conjugated uronic acids, the so-called polyuronides found in pectins, gums, alginic acids, the specific polysaccharide substances of certain micro-organisms, and other plant materials also yield carbon dioxide when heated with 12·0{pmil} hydrochloric acid.
1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xvii. 889The main part of the humus of acid peat is not a lignin derivative but apparently consists of hemicelluloses or polyuronides.
1975 Nature 11 Dec. 483/2 The natural soil ‘cements’ include polysaccharides and polyuronides.
1978 Country Life 28 Dec. 2237/1 The basic Burberry trenchcoat..now costs around {pstlg}99, made in poly-cotton.
1979 Times 1 Dec. 10/1 ( Advt. ),Dreamy Nightwear... The skirts of both garments are polycotton; 65% polyester and 35% cotton.
1941 Mark & Raff High Polymeric Reactions 3To avoid the lengthy expressions, polymerization reactions and polycondensation reactions,..we shall designate both as polyreactions.
1959 New Scientist 2 July 34/2 The remaining lectures were divided into two groups with the general titles ‘Physics and Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules’ and ‘Polyreactions’.
1945 Electronic Industries Sept. 222 Polyrod antenna, an antenna in which the radiating element is a rod of polystyrene.
1947 Bell Syst. TechnicalJrnl. XXVI. 844The principal defect of the uniform polyrod is the strong minor lobes.
1950 H. P. Williams Antenna Theory & Design II. iv. 190This form of dielectric antenna is commonly called a ‘polyrod’ antenna, since the dielectric material is often polystyrol.
1967 E. L. Gruenberg Handbk. Telemetry & Remote Control iv. 130Plastics, foams, and ceramics can be used for the radiating element. The most common type is called a polyrod and the usual construction contains a dielectric that is linearly tapered over slightly more than half its length.
poly-
word-forming element meaning "many, much, multi-, one or more," from Greek poly-, combining form of polys "much" (plural polloi); cognate with Latin plus, from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill," with derivatives referring to multitudinousness or abundance (cognates: Sanskrit purvi "much," prayah "mostly;" Avestan perena-, Old Persian paru "much;" Greek plethos "people, multitude, great number," polys "much, plenty," ploutos "wealth;" Lithuanian pilus "full, abundant;" Old Church Slavonic plunu; Gothic filu "much," Old Norse fjöl-, Old English fela, feola "much, many;" Old English folgian; Old Irish lan, Welsh llawn "full;" Old Irish il, Welsh elu "much"); probably related to root *pele- (2) "to spread."Properly used in compounds only with words of Greek origin. In chemical names, usually indicating a compound with a large number of atoms or molecules of the same kind (such as polymer).
ORIGIN: Greek polu- , from polus much, polloi many.
poly- ⇒ Main Entry: oligo-
☞ poly
poly-
combining form
Etymology: Middle English, from Latin, from Greek, from polys; akin to Latin plenus full — more at full
1.
a. : many : several : diverse : much : multi-, pluri-
< polytonality >
< polycentric >
< polycotyledon >
< polycross >
< polyarthritis >
b. : excessive : abnormal : hyper-
< polygalactia >
< polychromia >
< polydactylous >
2. chemistry
a. : containing more than one and especially more than two or three units of (a specified substance)
< polyatomic >
< polysulfide >
— compare olig-
b. : isopoly-
< polymolybdate >
c. : polymerized : polymeric : polymer of (a specified monomer)
< polyethylene >
1.
a.
< polytonality >
< polycentric >
< polycotyledon >
< polycross >
< polyarthritis >
b.
< polygalactia >
< polychromia >
< polydactylous >
2. chemistry
a.
< polyatomic >
< polysulfide >
— compare olig-
b.
< polymolybdate >
c.
< polyethylene >
poly-
Prefix
- many
- polymer
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many, much”), from Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús (“much, many”).
Synonyms
Antonyms
Derived terms
English words prefixed with poly-
External links
References
前缀：poly- 表示“多”
polyandry 一妻多制（poly+andry男人）
polyglot 通晓多种语言者（poly+math数学；知识）
polyfunctional 多功能的（poly+functional有功能的）
前缀：poly- 多
polycentric 多中心的
polytechnical 多工艺的
polysyllable 多音节词
polydirectional 多方向的
polyatomic 多原子的
polygon 多角形
polycrystal 多晶体
polyarchy 多头政治
polyfunctional 多功能的
polyclinic 多科医院
前缀：poly-
【词根含义】：多;复;聚
词根词缀：poly-
【来源及含义】Greek: many, much; excessive; abnormal amount, profuse, ample, large quantity; multiple, abundant, numerous
【相关描述】Don’t confuse this poly- with another -poly which means “to sell”.
【相关词根词缀】 Inter-related cross references, directly or indirectly, involving word units meaning "more, plentiful, fullness, excessive, over flowing": copi-; exuber-; hyper-; multi-; opulen-; ple-; pleio-; plethor-; super-; total-; ultra-; undu-.
【同源单词】acrocephalopolysyndactyly, Andra moi ennepe mousa polytropon hos malapolla planchthe, electrodiaphanoscope, fibrous dysplasia, hyperpolysyllabicomania, hyperpolysyllabicsesquipedalianist