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词汇 -al
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-al 1
suff.（后缀）
  1. Of, relating to, or characterized by:
    的，与…有关的，具有…特性的：
    parental.
    父母的，家长的

语源
  1. Middle English
    中古英语
  2. from Old French
    源自 古法语
  3. from Latin -ālis [adj. suff]
    源自 拉丁语 -ālis [形容词后缀]
-al 2
suff.（后缀）
  1. Action; process:
    动作；过程：
    retrieval.
    收回，取回

语源
  1. Middle English -aille
    中古英语 -aille
  2. from Old French
    源自 古法语
  3. from Latin -ālia [from neuter pl. of] -ālis
    源自 拉丁语 -ālia [] 源自-ālis的中性复数
-al 3
suff.（后缀）
  1. Aldehyde:
    醛：
    citronellal.
    香茅醛

语源
  1. From al(dehyde)
    源自 al(dehyde)

-al1

suffix forming adjectives

of; related to; connected with
⇒ functional
⇒ sectional
⇒ tonal

Origin

from Latin -ālis

-al2

suffix forming nouns

the act or process of doing what is indicated by the verb stem
⇒ rebuttal
⇒ recital
⇒ renewal

Origin

via Old French -aille, -ail, from Latin -ālia, neuter plural used as substantive, from -ālis -al1

-al3

suffix forming nouns

indicating an aldehyde
⇒ ethanal
indicating a pharmaceutical product
⇒ phenobarbital

Origin

shortened from aldehyde

-al1

Word Origin
1
a suffix with the general sense “of the kind of, pertaining to, having the form or character of” that named by the stem, occurring in loanwords from Latin (autumnal; natural; pastoral), and productive in English on the Latin model, usually with bases of Latin origin (accidental; seasonal; tribal). Originally, -al1 was restricted to stems not containing an -l- (cf. -ar1. ); recent lapses in this rule have produced semantically distinct pairs, as familiar and familial.
Compare -ical, -ial.
Origin
< Latin ālis, -āle; often replacing Middle English -el < Old French

-al2

1
a suffix forming nouns from verbs, usually verbs of French or Latin origin:
denial; refusal.
Origin
< Latin -āle (singular), -ālia (plural), nominalized neuter of -ālis -al1; often replacing Middle English -aille < Old French < Latin -ālia

-al3

1
Chemistry. a suffix indicating that a compound contains an aldehyde group:
chloral.
Origin
presumed to be short for aldehyde
-alI.
an adjective suffix meaning 'of or relating to','connected with', 'of the nature of', 'like', 'befitting', etc., occurring in numerous adjectives and in many nouns of adjectival origin, as annual, choral, equal, regal.
[Latin: stem of -ālis (neuter -āle) relating to; often replacing Middle English -el, from French]
II.
a suffix forming nouns of action from verbs, as in refusal, denial, recital, trial.
[Latin -āle (plural -ālia), neuter of adjective suffix -ālis; often replacing Middle English -aille, from Old French]
III.
a suffix indicating that a compound includes an aldehyde group, as in chloral.
[shortened form of aldehyde]
-al
I
adjective suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English, from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French, from Latin -alis
: of, relating to, or characterized by
    directional
    fictional

II
noun suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English -aille, from Anglo-French, from Latin -alia, neuter plural of -alis
: action : process
    rehearsal

III
noun suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  French, from alcool alcohol, from Medieval Latin alcohol
: aldehyde
    furfural
-al
/əl/  
suffix
1.
(forming adjectives) relating to; of the kind of
［构成形容词］表示“与…有关的”; “…类型的”：
■  from Latin words
［由拉丁词构成形容词］：

annual

infernal.

■  from Greek words
［由希腊词构成形容词］：

historical

comical.

■  from English nouns
［由英语名词构成形容词］：

tidal.

2.
forming nouns chiefly denoting verbal action
［构成主要表示动作的名词］：

arrival

transmittal.

词源
sense 1 from French -el or Latin -alis ; sense 2 from French -aille or from Latin -alis functioning as a noun ending.
▪ I.-al suffix1of adjs. and ns.I. adj.1. repr. L. -āl-em (-ālis, -āle, stem -āli-) adj. suff. = ‘of the kind of, pertaining to,’ varying in some words with -ār-em, the form always used when l preceded; thus tāl-, quāl-, nātāl-, ōrāl-; ālār-, stellār-, regulār-; līneāl- and lineār-. In words that survived, -ālem became in OFr. and hence in early Eng. -el, as mortālem, mortel. But, to some extent in Fr. and entirely in Eng. this was afterwards refashioned after L., as -al, on the analogy of which L. adjs. in -ālis and Fr. in -el have since been englished without limit.2. The number of these adjs. in -ālis has been immensely increased in med. and mod.L.; and in the mod. Rom. langs. and E. this has become a suffix addable to any L. n., as seen in agmin-al, bas-al, cordi-al, document-al, margin-al, nation-al, pred-al, circumstanti-al, constitution-al, denomination-al, longitudin-al, proportion-al, providenti-al, prudenti-al, antipestilenti-al, none of which are found in ancient L. Following L. precedent (as in boreāl-em, hebdomadāl-em, theātrāl-em) -al is also suffixed to Gr. ns., as in baptism-al, cathedr-al, coloss-al, chor-al, octagon-al, patriarch-al.3. In L., secondary adjs. in -ālem were formed on other adjs., esp. when these were used substantively, as in æqu-um æquāl-em, annu-um annuāl-em, diurn-um diurnāl-em, infern-um infernāl-em, vern-um vernāl-em. This process has been greatly extended in the mod. langs., esp. in E. where -al (like -ous) is a living formative, freely applied to L. adjs. in -eus, -ius, -uus, -rnus, -is, and other endings, to give them a more distinctively adj. form; thus, aere-al, corpore-al, funere-al, senatori-al, continu-al, individu-al, perpetu-al, etern-al, patern-al, celesti-al, terrestri-al, magnific-al. This is extended to Gr. adjs. in -κός, -οειδής, which also frequently gave substantives (music, tactics, rhomboid), so that, as adj. suffixes, -acal, -ical, -oidal occur earlier in E. than the simple -ac, -ic, -oid; when the two co-exist, as in comic-al, tragic-al, historic-al, that in -ic, etc. means ‘of or belonging to’ the thing, that in -ical ‘relating to, dealing with, indirectly or remotely connected with’ the thing, as a historic answer, a historical treatise, a comic paper, a comical idea. See -ac, -ic, -oid. Other suffixes are also added, as in central-ly, -ize, -ization, formal-ity.II. n.4. Adjs. in -al- in various genders and numbers were used substantively in L., thus rivāl-is, annāl-es, animal, tribūnal, sponsāli-a, Baccānāli-a. Many of these have been adopted in E., directly or through Fr., as rival, annals, animal, Bacchanals, penetralia, Saturnalia; and the number has been increased by the mod. n. use of many which were only adj., or did not exist in L., as cardinal, principal, moral, oval, signal, regimentals, canonicals.5. Nouns in -ālia (neut. pl.) which survived into OFr. became -aille (fem. sing.) with pl. -ailles, adopted in ME., as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -al, as L. sponsāli-a, OFr. espousaille-s, E. spousaille, spousaile-s; L. *battālia, OFr. bataille, Eng. bataille, -aile, -ail, now battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al became an Anglo-Fr. and E. formative of nouns of action on vbs. of Fr. or L. origin, as in AFr. arrivaille arrival; so of later formation (some quite modern) ‘revival, survival, approval, removal, avowal, renewal; acquittal, committal, transmittal, refutal, recital, requital; dismissal, perusal, refusal, carousal, rehearsal, reversal, revisal, reprisal, surprisal; dis-, inter-, pro-, re-, sup-, trans-posal; trial, denial, decrial’; occas. also on native final-accented vbs. as ‘bestowal, betrothal, beheadal.’ Bridal and burial simulate this ending, but have a different origin; yet they have probably aided the prevalence of these nouns of action in -al in mod.Eng.▪ II.-al, suffix2 Chem.The first syllable of aldehyde and alcohol, used to form the names of substances which are aldehydes or derived from alcohol; e.g. bromal, butyral, chloral, ethal. Also as a general termination for pharmaceutical products, as barbital, hormonal (n.).
-al
1
suffix forming adjectives from nouns or other adjectives, "of, like, related to, pertaining to," Middle English -al, -el, from French or directly from Latin -alis (see -al(2)).
2
suffix forming nouns of action from verbs, mostly from Latin and French, meaning "act of ______ing" (such as survival, referral), Middle English -aille, from French feminine singular -aille, from Latin -alia, neuter plural of adjective suffix -alis, also used in English as a noun suffix. Nativized in English and used with Germanic verbs (as in bestowal, betrothal).
3
word-forming element in chemistry to indicate "presence of an aldehyde group" (from aldehyde). The suffix also is commonly used in forming the names of drugs, often narcotics (such as barbital), a tendency that apparently began in German and might have been suggested by chloral, n..
-al

[Noun] action, result of action:
referral, disavowal, disposal, festival
☞ -al, -ial, -ical
1. suffix1 | 2. suffix2
 1 
-al /əl/ suffix1.
1.[Repr. Latin -alis adjectival suffix or French -el (later refashioned after Latin).] Forming adjectives with the sense ‘of the kind of, pertaining to’, from Latin (central, general, oral, providential, etc.), on Latin bases (basal etc.), from Greek (baptismal, colossal, tropical, etc.: cf. -ial, -ical), or from English nouns (tidal etc.).
2.[Repr. French -ail(le), -al or from or after Latin -alis etc. used as noun] Forming nouns (animal, cardinal, rival, etc.), esp. of verbal action (arrival, proposal, withdrawal, etc.).
 2 
-al /al, əl/ suffix2.
ORIGIN: from al(cohol, al(dehyde.
Chemistry. Forming the names of substances which are aldehydes or occas. other derivatives of alcohols, as acetal, chloral, retinal, etc. Also used in Pharmacology with little or no chemical significance, as in barbital, Veronal.
☞ al-
-al
I. \əl, əl\ adjective suffix
Etymology: Middle English -al, -el, from Old French & Latin; Old French -al, -el, from Latin -alis
: of, relating to, or characterized by
 < directional >
 < fictional >
 < hormonal >
 < organizational >
 < spectral >
 < tidal >
II. noun suffix
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English -aille, from Old French, from Latin -alia, neuter plural of -alis
: action or process
 < bestowal >
 < rehearsal >
 < withdrawal >
III. \ˌal, _əl, əl; in sense 2 “ or -ˌȯl or -ˌäl\ noun suffix
(-s)
Etymology: French, from alcool alcohol, from Medieval Latin alcohol
1.
 a. : aldehyde
  < butanal >
  < salicylal >
  — compare geneva system
 b. : acetal
  < butyral >
2. : pharmaceutical product
 < barbital >

-al 1
  • -all (obsolete)

  • IPA: /əl/

    • Suffix

    1. of or pertaining to; adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.
      base, basal
      cranium, cranial
    2. Forming nouns, especially of verbal action.
      e.g. rival, proposal, denial

    Etymology

    From the Latin adjective suffix -ālis, or French, Middle French and Old French -el, -al. Likely, the aforementioned Latin suffix is formed from Etruscan genitive suffix -l (as in ati-mother / atial-mother's) + adjectival suffix -is (as in fortis, debilis, etc.).

    Usage notes

    If the root word contains l, the variant -ar is often used instead (e.g. solar, lunar, columnar, lumbar). Sometimes both forms are found: linear, lineal. One also sees -ial, as in manorial.

    As nominalizer, some verbs have two corresponding nouns, one ending in -al and the other in -tion/-sion (more common suffix), with one or the other being more common, sometimes with different nuances. Notable examples: disposition/disposal (dispose), proposition/proposal (propose), submission/submittal (submit), transmission/transmittal (transmit). Some superficial pairs are actually of different origin, notably reversion/reversal (revert/reverse, not both from reverse).

    Derived terms

  • (of or pertaining to): Category:English words suffixed with -al
  • (forming nouns, especially of verbal action.): arousal, arrival, bestowal, betrothal, burial, denial, disposal, proposal, rival, reversal, removal, submittal, transmittal
  • -ical

    • See also

  • -ing
  • -tion (-ion, -sion)
  • -ure

    • -al 2

  • IPA: /æl/

    • Suffix

    1. organic chemistry Forms the names of aldehydes.

    Etymology

    Extracted from the word "aldehyde"

    后缀：-al ①[形容词后缀]

    表示属于...的、具有...性质的、如...的

    personal 个人的

    prepositional 介词的

    autumnal 秋天的

    national 国家的，民族的

    emotional 感情上的

    imaginal 想像的

    global 全球的

    coastal 海岸的

    parental 父母的

    invitational 邀请的

    frontal 前面的，正面的

    conversational 会话的

    governmental 政府的

    natural 自然（界）的

    regional 地区的，局部的

    continental 大陆的

    educational 教育的

    exceptional 例外的

    后缀：-al ②[名词后缀]

    1、构成抽象名词，表示行为、状况、事情

    refusal 拒绝

    proposal 提议

    withdrawal 撤退

    recital 背诵

    removal 移动，迁移

    arrival 到达

    renewal 更新

    appraisal 评价

    suuposal 想象，假定

    dismissal 解雇，开除

    survival 尚存，幸存

    overbrowal 推翻，打倒

    reviewal 复习

    revival 再生，复活

    approval 批准，赞成

    trial 试验，尝试

    2、表示人

    criminal 犯罪分子

    rival 竞争者

    aboriginal 土人

    rascal 恶棍，歹徒

    corporal 班长，下士

    arrival 到达者

    3、表示物

    mural 壁画

    dial 日晷

    manual 手册

    hospital 医院

    arsenal 武器库

    urinal 尿壶，小便池

    singal 信号

    diagonal 对角线
    随便看

    　

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    更新时间：2025/1/25 9:56:54