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词汇 -s
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-s 1或 -es
suff.（后缀）
  1. Used to form plural nouns:
    用于组成复数名词：
    letters.
    信件

语源
  1. Middle English -es, -s
    中古英语 -es, -s
  2. from Old English -es, -as [nominative and accusative pl. suff]
    源自 古英语 -es, -as [主格和宾格复数后缀]
-s 2或 -es
suff.（后缀）
  1. Used to form the third person singular present tense of all regular and most irregular verbs:
    动词第三人称单数现在时：用于组成所有规则动词和大部分不规则动词和第三人称单数现在时：
    looks; holds.
    看；握住

语源
  1. Middle English -es, -s
    中古英语 -es, -s
  2. from Old English -es, -as
    源自 古英语 -es, -as
-s 3
suff.（后缀）
  1. Used to form adverbs:
    用于构成副词：
    They were caught unawares. He works nights.
    他们无意中被抓住。他整夜整夜地工作

语源
  1. Middle English -es, -s [genitive sing. suff.]
    中古英语 -es, -s [所有格的单数后缀]
  2. from Old English -es
    源自 古英语 -es

-s1 or -es

suffix

forming the plural of most nouns
⇒ boys
⇒ boxes

Origin

from Old English -as, plural nominative and accusative ending of some masculine nouns

-s2 or -es

suffix

forming the third person singular present indicative tense of verbs
⇒ he runs
⇒ she washes

Origin

from Old English (northern dialect) -es, -s, originally the ending of the second person singular

-s3

suffix

forming nicknames and names expressing affection or familiarity
⇒ Fats
⇒ Fingers
⇒ ducks

Origin

special use of -s1

-s1

Word Origin
1
a native English suffix used in the formation of adverbs:
always; betimes; needs; unawares.
Compare -ways.
Origin
Middle English -es, Old English; ultimately identical with 's1

-s2

1
an ending marking the third person singular indicative active of verbs:
walks.
Origin
Middle English (north) -(e)s, Old English (north); orig. ending of 2nd person singular, as in Latin and Greek; replacing Middle English, Old English -eth -eth1

-s3

1
an ending marking nouns as plural (boys; wolves), occurring also on nouns that have no singular (dregs; entrails; pants; scissors), or on nouns that have a singular with a different meaning (clothes; glasses; manners; thanks). The pluralizing value of -s3, is weakened or lost in a number of nouns that now often take singular agreement, as the names of games (billiards; checkers; tiddlywinks) and of diseases (measles; mumps; pox; rickets); the latter use has been extended to create informal names for a variety of involuntary conditions, physical or mental (collywobbles; d.t.'s; giggles; hots; willies). A parallel set of formations, where -s3, has no plural value, are adjectives denoting socially unacceptable or inconvenient states (bananas; bonkers; crackers; nuts; preggers; starkers); cf. -ers.
Also, -es.
Origin
Middle English -(e)s, Old English -as, plural nominative and accusative ending of some masculine nouns

-s4

1
a suffix of hypocoristic nouns, generally proper names or forms used only in address:
Babs; Fats; Suzykins; Sweetums; Toodles.
Origin
probably from the metonymic use of nouns formed with -s3, as boots or Goldilocks
-sI.
a suffix serving to form adverbs, as always, evenings, needs, unawares.
Compare -ways. [Middle English and Old English -es, originally genitive singular ending]
II.
an ending which marks the third person singular indicative active of verbs, as in gets.
[northern Middle English and Old English -(e)s (originally ending of second person, as in Latin and Greek); replacing Middle English and Old English -(e)th]
III.
1. an ending which marks the regular plural of nouns, as in dogs.
2. a quasi-plural ending occurring in nouns for which there is no proper singular, as trousers, shorts, scissors.
3. a plural ending used to indicate a subject of study, area of activity, etc.: ◆ physics; ◆ draughts.
[Middle English -es, Old English -as, nominative and accusative plural of certain classes of strong nouns]
-s
I
\\\\s after a vȯiceless consonant, z after a vȯiced consonant or a vowel\\\\ noun plural suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English -es, -s, from Old English -as, nominative & accusative plural ending of some masculine nouns; akin to Old Saxon -os
— used to form the plural of most nouns that do not end in s, z, sh, ch, or postconsonantal y
    heads
    books
    boys
    beliefs
to form the plural of proper nouns that end in postconsonantal y
    Marys
and with or without a preceding apostrophe to form the plural of abbreviations, numbers, letters, and symbols used as nouns
    MCs
    PhD's
    4s
    the 1940's
    $s
    B's
— compare -es I

II
adverb suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English -es, -s, plural ending of nouns, from -es, genitive singular ending of nouns (functioning adverbially), from Old English -es
— used to form adverbs denoting usual or repeated action or state
    always at home Sundays
    mornings he stops by the newsstand

III
verb suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English (Northern & North Midland dialect) -es, from Old English (Northumbrian dialect) -es, -as, probably from Old English -es, -as, 2d singular present indicative ending — more at -est
— used to form the third person singular present of most verbs that do not end in s, z, sh, ch, or postconsonantal y
    falls
    takes
    plays
— compare -es II
-s1
/s, 在元音或浊辅音后发z/  
suffix
denoting the plurals of nouns (as in apples, wagons, etc.).
［构成名词复数, 如apples, wagons等］。比较-ES1.
词源
Old English plural ending -as.
-s2
/s, 在元音或浊辅音后发z/  
suffix
forming the third person singular of the present of verbs (as in sews, vaunts, etc.).
［构成动词单数第三人称现在时, 如sews, vaunts等］。比较-ES2.
词源
Old English dialect.
-s3
/s, 在元音或浊辅音后发z/  
suffix
1.
forming adverbs such as besides
［构成副词, 如besides］。
2.
forming possessive pronouns such as hers, ours.
［构成物主代词,如hers, ours］。
词源
Old English -es, masculine and neuter genitive singular ending.
-s4
/s, 在元音或浊辅音后发z/  
suffix
forming nicknames or pet names
［构成外号或昵称］：

ducks.

词源
suggested by -S1.
▪ I.-s, suffix1forming adverbs, was originally -es, identical with the suffix of the genitive singular of many neuter and masculine ns. and adjs. Several of the adverbs in -es that existed in OE. are genitives either of ns. (neut. or masc.) as dæᵹes by day, nédes needs, þances voluntarily, or of neuter adjs., as sóðes truly; on the analogy of these, -es was added, with adv.-forming function, to feminine nouns, as in nihtes by night, endebyrdes in order. OE. had also advs. compounded of tó prep. and a genitive governed by it, as tó-ᵹeᵹnes (see to-gains), tó-middes (see to-mids); side by side with these there existed parallel and synonymous advs. like on-ᵹeᵹn again, on-middan amid, in which the dat. or accus. was governed by a prep. Hence there arose in early ME. mixed forms such as aȝeines, amiddes; and the frequent coexistence of the two forms of the same adv., one with and the other without s, led to the addition of s to many advs. as a sign of their function. In some instances the extended form prevailed, as in eftsoons; in others it survived only in dialects, as in oftens, gaylies (Sc.). See also the articles -ling2, -lings, -ward, -wards, -way, -ways.In once, twice, thrice, hence, since, etc., the suffix is written differently. In against, alongst, amongst, amidst, and the dialectal onst (see once), the original -es, -s has become -st.▪ II.-s, suffix2A shortened form of the hypocoristic dim. suffix -sy, added to the same classes of words, as Babs, Toots; ducks (see duck n.1 3 c), moms.
-s
1
suffix forming almost all Modern English plural nouns, gradually extended in Middle English from Old English -as, the nominative plural and accusative plural ending of certain "strong" masculine nouns (such as dæg "day," nominative/accusative plural dagas "days"). The commonest Germanic declension, traceable back to the original PIE inflection system, it is also the source of the Dutch -s plurals and (by rhotacism) Scandinavian -r plurals (such as Swedish dagar).
Much more uniform today than originally; Old English also had a numerous category of "weak" nouns that formed their plurals in -an, and other strong nouns that formed plurals with -u. Quirk and Wrenn, in their Old English grammar, estimate that 45 percent of the nouns a student will encounter will be masculine, nearly four-fifths of them with genitive singular -es and nominative/accusative plural in -as. Less than half, but still the largest chunk.
The triumphs of -'s possessives and -s plurals represent common patterns in language: using only a handful of suffixes to do many jobs (such as -ing), and the most common variant squeezing out the competition. To further muddy the waters, it's been extended in slang since 1936 to singulars (such as ducks, sweets, babes) as an affectionate or diminutive suffix.
Old English single-syllable collectives (sheep, folk) as well as weights, measures, and units of time did not use -s. The use of it in these cases began in Middle English, but the older custom is preserved in many traditional dialects (ten pound of butter; more than seven year ago; etc.).
2
third person singular present indicative suffix of verbs, it represents Old English -es, -as, which began to replace -eð in Northumbrian 10c., and gradually spread south until by Shakespeare's time it had emerged from colloquialism and -eth began to be limited to more dignified speeches.
1. suffix1 | 2. suffix2 | 3. suffix3 | 4. suffix4 | 5. suffix5
 1 
-s /ɪz, z, s (see below)/ suffix1. Also (see below) -es, -'s /ɪz, z/.
ORIGIN: In branch I Old English -as; in branch II from -s3.
 I 
1.Forming pl. of nouns, in mod. English usage according to the following rules (cf. -s2): (i) /ɪz/ after a sibilant or affricate, -es being added if the sing. is not spelled with a final silent -e, as boxes, cases, mazes, porches; (ii) /z/ after a vowel or voiced consonant other than /z, ʒ, dʒ/, -es being added in certain cases when the sing. is spelled with final o, as beds, gigolos, hoods, potatoes, tomatoes, tubs; (iii) /s/ after a voiceless consonant other than /s, ʃ, tʃ/, as bets, books, cats, cliffs.
2.Forming the pl. of abbreviations, letters, and symbols: /ɪz, z/ written -s or -'s, as C's, Cs, MPs, 1960s.
 II 
3.Forming adverbs: see -s3.
 NOTE  In a few cases sing. nouns ending in a final voiceless fricative /θ, f, s/ may have voicing to /ð, v, z/ respectively, as bath, baths, calf, calves, house, houses, or a final consonant after a vowel may be doubled, as fez, fezzes, quiz, quizzes. Sing. nouns with final y after a consonant generally form the pl. in -ies, as country, countries, spy, spies, worry, worries. Cf. -er3.
 2 
-s /ɪz, z, s (see below)/ suffix2. Also (see below) -es /ɪz, z/. OE.
ORIGIN: Old English dial., prob. from Old English 2nd person sing. pres. ending -es, -as.
Forming 3rd person sing. pres. indic. of verbs, in mod. English usage according to the following rules (cf. -s1): (i) /ɪz/ after a sibilant or affricate, -es being added if the verb is not spelled with a final silent e, as grazes, lunches, places, pushes; (ii) /z/ after a vowel or voiced consonant other than /z, ʒ, dʒ/, -es being added in certain cases when the verb is spelled with final o, as dies, fades, goes, lassoes, rubs, wallows; (iii) /s/ after a voiceless consonant other than /s, ʃ, tʃ/, as bakes, cuts, puffs, wants.
 NOTE  Verbs with final y after a consonant generally form the 3rd person sing. in -ies, as dry, dries, hurry, hurries, try, tries.
 3 
-s /s, after vowel or voiced consonant z/ suffix3 (not productive). OE.
ORIGIN: Old English -es masc. and neut. genit. sing. ending.
Forming adverbs from nouns, adjectives, and (later, by analogy) adverbs, as afterwards, besides; (with changed spelling) hence, once. In later use some words were identified with -s1 from their formal coincidence with pl. nouns, as days, mornings, needs, Sundays.
 4 
-s /s, after vowel or voiced consonant z/ suffix4.
ORIGIN: After -s1.
Forming nicknames (as Carrots, Fats) or pet names (as Babs, ducks, Pops).
 5 
-s suffix5 see -'s1 2.
☞ s
-s
I. \s after a vȯiceless consonant sound, z after a vȯiced consonant sound or a vowel sound\ noun plural suffix
Etymology: Middle English -es, -s, from Old English -as, nominative & accusative plural ending of some masculine nouns; akin to Old Saxon -os, nominative & accusative plural ending of some masculine nouns, and probably to Sanskrit (Vedic) -āsas, nominative plural ending of some masculine nouns
1.
 a. — used to form the plural of most nouns that do not end in s, z, sh, ch, or postconsonantal y
  < heads >
  < books >
  < boys >
  < beliefs >
  < parades >
  < states >
  — compare -es I 1
 b. — used to form the plural of proper nouns that end in postconsonantal y
  < Italys >
  < Marys >
 c. — used to form the plural of abbreviations, numbers, letters, and symbols used as nouns
  < MCs >
  < 4s >
  < \\#s >
  and often preceded by an apostrophe
  < B's >
  < p's >
  < &'s >
2. [Middle English -es, -s, plural ending of nouns, from -es, -s, gen. singular ending of nouns (functioning adverbially, as in nedes needs, alweys always), from Old English -es] — used to form plural nouns with adverbial function denoting usual or repeated action or state
 < always at home Sundays >
 < can reach him there mealtimes >
 < mornings he stops by the newsstand >
— compare -es I 2
II. noun suffix
— used to form nicknames expressing affection or familiarity
 < Moms >
 < Dads >
or designating a characteristic feature or activity of the person named
 < Fats >
 < Freckles >
 < Cuddles >
 < Smiles >
or an object characteristically associated with the person named
 < Boots >
 < Sparks >
III. verb suffix
Etymology: Middle English (Northern & North Midland dialect) -es, from Old English (Northumbrian dialect) -es, -as, probably from -es, -as, 2d person singular present indicative ending — more at -est
1. — used to form the third person singular present of most verbs that do not end in s, z, sh, ch, or postconsonantal y
 < falls >
 < takes >
 < plays >
— compare -es II 1
2. substandard — used to form the historical present first person singular
 < then I says to him >
— compare -es II 2

-s 1

  • IPA: /s/ (following a voiceless consonant)
  • IPA: /z/ (postvocalic or following a voiced consonant)
  • IPA: /ɨz/ (following a sibilant consonant /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written -es)
  • Homophone: -'s

    • Suffix

    1. Used to form regular plurals of nouns.
      one computer → five computers
    2. Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).
      shorts, sunglasses

    Etymology

    From Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English has been argued to have been reinforced by Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in circa 40% of Old English nouns). Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns).

    Usage notes

  • (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."

    • See also

  • -en
  • -es
  • -i
  • -a
  • -z (nonstandard)

    • Derived terms

  • see Category:English plurals

    • -s 2

    Suffix

    1. Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.
      to eat → he eats

    Etymology

    From Middle English -(e)s (third person singular ending of verbs) from Northern Old English (Northumbian dialect) -es, -as (third person singular ending). Replaced historical Old English third person singular ending -(e)þ, -aþ (-eth). Possibly due to Scandinavian influence or related to -es, -as, second-person singular ending of verbs. More at -est

    See also

  • -ed
  • -en
  • -ing
  • -t

    • Derived terms

    see Category:English third-person singular forms

    -s 3

    Suffix

    1. not productive used in the formation of certain English adverbs.
      backwards; downwards; homewards; inwards; outwards; sidewards; skywards; towards; upwards; betides; besides; betimes; sometimes;
      always; sideways; crossways; anyways; unawares; needs; eftsoons; anyhows; whiles; athwartships; amidships; upstairs; downstairs;
      eastwards; westwards; southwards; northwards; leewards; forwards; shorewards; landwards; seawards; sternwards; larboards;
      starboards; ofttimes; evenings; otherwhiles;

    Etymology

    From Middle English -es, from Old English -es (“masc-neut genitive ending of most nouns”). More at -'s.

    Derived terms

  • -st

    • -s 4

    Suffix

    1. usually nonstandard Alternative form of 's

    Etymology

    By dropping the apostrophe in 's.

    Usage notes

  • In most cases where -s is found as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s.
  • However, personal pronouns' possessive forms use -s (e.g. theirs, not their's).
  • Furthermore, in British English, bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g. Barclays and Harrods (originally Barclay's, Harrod’s), but compare Sainsbury’s; see Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /s/ is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms, which see.

    • -s 5

    Suffix

    1. Diminutive suffix
      Babs; moms; pops; homes; Toots

    Etymology

    Shortened form of -sy.

    Derived terms

    English words suffixed with -s


    后缀：-s [副词后缀]

    表示时间、地点、方式、状态

    afternoons 每天下午

    nights 每夜，在夜间

    weekends 在每个周末

    sometimes 有时

    besides 此外，而且

    unawares 不知不觉地

    nowadays 现今，当今

    outdoors 在户外

    indoors 在屋内

    upstairs 在楼上，往楼上

    downstairs 在楼下，往楼下

    weekdays 在每个周日
    随便看

    　

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    更新时间：2025/1/25 9:52:08