词汇

pro-

词根词缀

AHD

Collins

Dictionary.com

Macquarie

MWCD

NewOxfordEC

OED

Online Etymology Dictionary

SOED

WBD

Webster

Wiktionary

YoudictWordRoots

pro- 1
pref.（前缀）

Acting in the place of; substituting for:
代替；替换：
pronoun.
代词
Supporting; favoring:
支持；赞同：
prorevolutionary.
赞成革命的人

语源

Middle English
中古英语
from Old French
源自古法语
from Latin pro-, prō-
源自拉丁语 pro-, prō-
from prō [for] * see per ¹
源自 prō [赞成，支持] *参见 per ¹

pro- 2
pref.（前缀）

Earlier; before; prior to:
在…之前；先于；早于：
procambium.
原形成层
Rudimentary:
初步的：
pronucleus.
原核

Anterior; in front of:
在先的；在…前面：
procephalic.
位于头前方的

语源

Middle English
中古英语
from Old French
源自古法语
from Greek
源自希腊语
from pro [before, in front] * see per ¹
源自 pro [在…之前，先于] *参见 per ¹

pro-¹

prefix

in favour of; supporting

⇒ pro-Chinese

acting as a substitute for

⇒ proconsul

⇒ pronoun

Origin

from Latin prō (adv and prep). In compound words borrowed from Latin, prō- indicates: forward, out (project); forward and down (prostrate); away from a place (prodigal); onward in time or space (proceed); extension outwards (propagate); before in time or place (provide, protect); on behalf of (procure); acting as a substitute for (pronominal); and sometimes intensive force (promiscuous)

pro-²

prefix

before in time or position; anterior; forward

⇒ prophase

⇒ procephalic

⇒ prognathous

Origin

from Greek pro (prep) before (in time, position, rank, etc)

pro-¹

Examples Word Origin

a prefix indicating favor for some party, system, idea, etc., without identity with the group (pro-British; pro-Communist; proslavery), having anti- as its opposite.

a prefix of priority in space or time having especially a meaning of advancing or projecting forward or outward, and also used to indicate substitution, attached widely to stems not used as words:

provision; prologue; proceed; produce; protract; procathedral; proconsul.

Origin

< Latin prō-, pro-, combining form representing prō pro¹

pro-²

a prefix identical in meaning with pro-¹, , occurring in words borrowed from Greek (prodrome) or formed of Greek (and occasionally Latin) elements.

Origin

< Greek, combining form of pró for, before; see pro¹

Related Words

problem
proboscis
procarp
proceleusmatic
process
prochoos

Contemporary Examples

Not one among the legions of pro- and antiwar hooting senators could find the time.
Leslie H. Gelb, Vet Snub Shocks Families (Jul 17, 2010)
It will be the first time that pro- and anti-government demonstrations will be going head-to-head since last summer.
Reza Aslan, Iran on the Brink (Feb 8, 2010)
Tensions have boiled since, with pro- and anti-Morsi crowds occasionally clashing violently.
Mike Giglio, Egypt Braces For a Fight (Jun 27, 2013)

Historical Examples

It is also unscientific to say that labor was pro- nounced as a curse upon man.
Robert G. Ingersoll, The Works of Robert G. Ingerso...
pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic segment.
John. B. Smith, Explanation of Terms Used in E...
I do not pro- pose to throw away the good on account of the bad, neither do I propose to accept the bad on account of the good.
Robert G. Ingersoll, The Works of Robert G. Ingerso...
Is it not wonderful that God failed to pro- tect these innocent wives and children?Answer.
Robert G. Ingersoll, The Works of Robert G. Ingerso...
Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.
John. B. Smith, Explanation of Terms Used in E...
It had, and has, no relation to the pro- grammes of the militant suffragists as set out at the outset of this letter.
Almroth E. Wright, The Unexpurgated Case Against ...
Until such time as this pro- cedure was unmasked, Mill's political econ- omy enjoyed an unquestioned authority.
Almroth E. Wright, The Unexpurgated Case Against ...

pro-I.

1. a prefix indicating favour for some party, system, idea, etc., usually without identity with the group, as pro-British, pro-communist, pro-slavery, having anti- as its opposite.

2. a prefix of priority in space or time having especially a meaning of advancing or projecting forwards or outwards, having also extended figurative meanings, including substitution, and attached widely to stems not used as words, as provision, prologue, proceed, produce, protract, procathedral, proconsul.

[Latin, representing prō (preposition) before, for, in favour of, on behalf of]

II.

a prefix identical in meaning with pro-¹, occurring in words taken from Greek (as prodrome) or formed of Greek (and occasionally Latin) elements.

[Greek, representing pro for, before, in favour of]

pro-

prefix

ETYMOLOGY New Latin, from Latin, from Greek, before, forward, forth, for, from pro — more at for

1.
  a. earlier than : prior to : before
      prothalamion
  b. rudimentary : prot-
      pronucleus
  c. precursory
      proinsulin
2.
  a. located in front of or at the front of : anterior to
      procephalic
      proventriculus
  b. front : anterior
      prothorax
3. projecting
    prognathous

prefix

ETYMOLOGY Latin pro in front of, before, for, forward — more at for

1. taking the place of : substituting for
    procathedral
    procaine
2. favoring : supporting : championing
    pro-American

pro-²

/prəʊ/

prefix

before in time, place, order, etc. 表示“先”, “前”：: proactive

prothalamium.

词源

from Greek pro 'before'.

pro-¹

/prəʊ/

prefix

favouring; supporting 表示“亲”, “支持”：: pro-choice.

acting as a substitute or deputy for 表示“副”, “代”：: proconsul.

denoting motion forwards, out, or away 表示“向前”; “向外”; “离开”：: proceed

propel

prostrate.

词源

from Latin pro 'in front of，on behalf of，instead of，on account of'.

▪ I.pro-, prefix¹The Latin adv. and prep. (see above), used in combination with verbs and their derivatives, and sometimes with other words not of verbal derivation.(Unlike the Gr. προ-, the L. was originally and usually prō-; but in some compounds it was occasionally and in others usually or always shortened to prŏ-.)A large number of Latin words so formed were retained in popular use in French (as in the other Romanic langs.); many others were taken into French in earlier or later times as learned words, and were thence taken into English. In later times words of this kind have been adopted or adapted in English directly from Latin, or have been formed immediately from Latin elements.In OF. the prefix had often the popular form por-, pur-, pour- (see pur-); but this, in many words, was subseq. changed back to the Latin form in pro-.I. As an etymological element. The following are the principal uses in Latin and English. (All words of this class appear as Main words.)1. a. Forward, to or towards the front, from a position in the rear, forth, out, into a public position; as prōclāmāre to call out, proclaim, prōdūcĕre to lead forth, produce, prōfundĕre to pour forth (profuse), prōjicĕre to throw forth, project, prōminēre jut out (prominent), prōnuntiāre to speak out, pronounce, prōpōnĕre to put forth, propone, propose, prōtrūdĕre to thrust forth, protrude.b. To the front of, down before (the face of), forward and down; as prōcidĕre to fall forward or down (procidence), prōclīvis sloping downward, proclive, prōculcāre to trample down, proculcate, prōcumbĕre to fall down forwards (procumbent), prōflīgāre to dash down (profligate), prōlābī, prōlaps- to slip down forwards (prolapse), prōsternĕre, prōstrāt- to strew or lay flat before one, to prostrate.c. Forth from its place, away; as prōdĕre to give away, betray (prodition), prōdigāre to drive away, dissipate (prodigal), profugĕre to flee away (profugate).d. Forward, onward, in a course or in time; as prōcēdĕre to proceed, prōcessus process, prōcrastināre to defer till the morrow, procrastinate, prōgredī to step forward, progress, prōmināre to drive onward (promenade), prōmovēre, prōmōt- to move onward, promove, promote, prōpellĕre to drive forward, propel.e. Out, with outward extension; as prōductilis able to be drawn out, productile, prōlixus prolix, prō̆pāgäre to plant out, propagate, prōtrahĕre, prōtract- to drag out, protract.f. Before in place, in front of; as prohibēre to hold in front, hold back, prohibit, prōscrībĕre to write in front, proscribe, prōtegĕre to cover in front, protect.g. Before in time, in anticipation of, in provision for; as prōdigium prodigy, prōloquī to speak before (prolocution), prōvidēre to foresee, provide.h. For, in preparation for, on behalf of; as prōcinctus girt for, procinct, prōcūrāre to take care for, procure, prosperus wished for, prosperous, prōficĕre to do service to, profit.i. With worn-down or obscure force; as prōcērus tall, procerous, profānus profane, profundus deep, profound, prōlēs offspring (proletaire), prōmerēre to deserve, promerit, prōmiscuus mixed, promiscuous, prōverbium proverb, prōvincia province.2. Frequently prefixed in Latin to names of relationship, answering to Eng. ‘great’ or ‘grand’, F. grand and petit; as avus grandfather, pro-avus great-grandfather, amita aunt, father's sister, pro-amita great-aunt, grandfather's sister, gener son-in-law, prōgener grandson-in-law, granddaughter's husband. So pronepos great-grandson, great-nephew, pronephew, pronepot, proneptis great-grand-daughter, great-niece, proniece, pronept.3. pro- for præ-, pre-. In late and mediæval Lat. pro- was sometimes substituted for præ-, prē-, partly through confusion of sense, partly perhaps under the influence of words from Greek, such as prologus, prophēta, proscænium. Examples of this are frequent in ME., where, however, as in med.L. MSS., it is often difficult to say whether pro- was intended, or was merely a scribal or copyist's error, due to confusion of the written e and o. Examples will be found among the cross-references.II. As a living prefix.4. In Latin prō- in the sense ‘for’, ‘instead of’, ‘in place of’, was prefixed to a n., app. originally in prepositional construction, as prō consule (one acting) for a consul, afterwards combined with the n., as prōconsul = deputy-consul; so prōdictātor, prōflāmen, prōgubernātor, prōlēgātus, prōmagister, prōpræfectus, prōprætor; also in a few names of things, as prōnōmen pronoun, prōtūtēla deputy-guardianship.English has examples of pro- prefixed: a. to names of persons (officials or functionaries), ‘acting as deputy’, as ˈpro-Grand ˈMaster, ˈpro-ˈguardian, pro-legate, pro-provincial, pro-provost, pro-regent, pro-seneschal, pro-tetrarch, pro-treasurer, pro-tribune, pro-warden, etc.; also proconsul, proproctor, prorector, etc. b. to names of things, as pro-element, pro-infinitive, pro-name, ˌpro-reˈality (something serving the purpose of a reality), pro-sentence, ˈpro-ˌskin, pro-syllable, ˈpro-ˌverb [after pron.], etc.; also pro-cathedral, pro-leg, pro-vicariate, pro-word, etc.; pro-form Linguistics, a pronoun or other lexical unit substituted for a longer expression. c. to an adj., as ˈpro-ˈethical, serving as a substitute for what is ethical; ˈpro-ˈsubstantive (see quot.); hence pro-substantively adv; pro-infinitival, pro-syllabic adjs.1975N. Chomsky Logical Struct. Linguistic Theory x. 560 ‘So’ is introduced as a *pro-element standing for the verb phrase in such sentences as ‘John saw him and so did I’.1892H. Spencer Princ. Ethics I. ii. ii. §123. 337 We must class them as forming a body of thought and feeling which may be called *pro-ethical; and which, with the mass of mankind, stands in place of the ethical properly so called.1902R. R. Marett in Personal Idealism 250 Religion..as often as it happens to take the side of salutary practice..is probably [a] more effectual ‘pro-ethical sanction’ [than law].1964Katz & Postal Integrated Theory Ling. Descr. iv. 83 We stipulate in the general theory of linguistic descriptions that the dictionary entry of every *pro-form (i.e., every form dominated by the constituent Pro) must contain the semantic marker (Selector).1969Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XIV. 49 In this structure the head noun is a pro-form which is of the du class.1976Analysis XXXVI. 80 Proforms and modified proforms, upon given occasions of their use, get their semantic content from their antecedents.1898Daily Chron. 21 Nov. 5/1 Having served with pre-eminent distinction the office of Deputy Grand Master, he was in 1891 elected *Pro-Grand Master, a distinction which can only be understood when it is recalled that the Prince of Wales himself is Grand Master.1868Digby's Voy. Medit. Pref. 17 Digby's *pro-guardian was a man of considerable celebrity.1934J. J. Hogan Outl. Eng. Philol. iii. xiv. 136 The modern ‘*pro-infinitival’ to, as in I want to.1905O. Jespersen Growth & Struct. Eng. Lang. viii. 208 Another recent innovation is the use of to as what might be called a *pro-infinitive instead of the clumsy to do so: ‘Will you play?’ ‘Yes, I intend to.’ ‘I am going to.’1940― S.P.E. Tract liv. 153 This leads to the possibility of using an isolated to as a ‘pro-infinitive’: Will he sing? Yes, he wants to.1964Eng. Stud. XLV. 88 To here stands..for to tell me, or to do so, for which reason Jespersen calls it a ‘pro-infinitive’.1656Blount Glossogr., A *Prolegate,..a Deputy Legat, or one that stands for a Legat.1765J. Elphinston Princ. Eng. Lang. Digested II. viii. 184 Instead of a name or noun repeated, a *pro-name or pronoun.1902Westm. Gaz. 25 Jan. 4/2 In the name of the Trinity, Thomas, *Pro-Provincial of Canterbury, Joseph, Provincial of York, Laurence, Provincial of Caerled, deplore the evil state of the Established Church.1858in Stat. Univ. Oxford (1863) 158 *Pro-Provost.1877E. R. Conder Bas. Faith. iv. 185 This kind of idealised symbol or concept serves as a *pro-reality, which we can reason about as though it were real.1798Helen M. Williams Tour Switzerland I. 238 (Jod.) Don Amatori Solani *proregent, professor extraordinary, and enjoying numerous other titles.1657W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc ii. 84 Cadafalcius *Pro-senescal of Digne.1972Language XLVIII. 461 To answer the question Did he do it?, one requires an element that will affirm or deny. It may appear alone, and in that case will carry the sentence intonation, accent and all. Such a single answer-word might be Unquestionably. It may also appear at the end of a *pro-sentence, e.g. He did it unquestionably.1976Analysis XXXVI. 83 The antecedent of the modified prosentence ‘it is false’, is the quoted sentence together with the quotes.1886H. Spencer in 19th Cent. May 763 There is produced a new skin, or rather a *pro-skin.1794E. Bancroft Res. Perm. Colours I. 176 Such compositions..assume the form of substantive colours, without being such in reality;..I beg leave..to call them *pro-substantive topical colours.Ibid. 390 Of the Uses of Quercitron Bark, in producing Topical Yellow and other Colours, *pro-substantively, upon Cotton and Linen.1948J. R. Firth in E. P. Hamp et al. Readings in Linguistics II (1966) 185 In certain of its prosodic functions the neutral vowel might be described temporarily as a *pro-syllable. However obscure or neutral or unstressed, it is essential in a bitter for me to distinguish it from a bit for me. In contemporary Southern English many ‘sounds’ may be *pro-syllabic.1956Archivum Linguisticum VIII. 123 Structurally the difference [between ii̯ and _er] is that of a vocalic phoneme followed by a junctional prosody and a consonantal phoneme preceded by a prosyllabic prosody.1647Trapp Comm. Luke viii. 3 His vicar-general, or *protetrarch.1645Wood Life Jan. (O.H.S.) I. 115 For the space of three yeares he was a *protribune [mispr. protobune] of horse under Charles Lewis elector Palatine. In 1641 he was sent into Ireland..where he served in the quality of a tribune for two yeares.1907J. M. Grainger Studies K. Jas. Bible 19 Do is sometimes used as a *pro-verb, to avoid repetition of an antecedent verb.1924O. Jespersen Philos. Gram. vi. 83 We should get a class of substitute words which might be divided into pro-nouns, pro-adjectives, pro-adverbs, pro-infinitives, pro-verbs..but it could hardly be called a real grammatical class.1976J. S. Gruber Lexical Struct. Syntax & Semantics ii. i. 267 For the other occurrences of pro-verbs, the nature of the semantic category common to both the pro-verbs and the verbs embedded in them is more obscure.1861Neale Notes Dalmatia, etc. 169 *Pro-Vicar of the Bishop in the southern part of his diocese.1881Dublin Rev. July 173 The districts of Lake Tanganyika, and the Victoria Nyanza have already been created *Pro-Vicariates Apostolic.1857in Stat. Univ. Oxford (1863) 83 *Pro-Warden.1965Language XLI. 393 We can define a set of *proword substitutions which are similar to various types of zeroing.5. In sense ‘for, in favour of, on the side of’.This use is entirely modern, and has no precedent or analogy in Latin. It appears to have arisen from the use of pro in pro B. 1 b, or in pro and con. To a certain extent, combinations with pro- take the place of those with philo-, as philo-Turk, philo-publican. They appear to have begun c 1825, but to have been comparatively rare up to 1896, since which date they have swarmed in the journalistic press, usually in antithesis to formations in anti- expressed or understood. Pro-Boer and anti-British were terms of opprobrium during the South African War, 1899–1902.a. Prefixed to a n., n. phr., or adj., forming adjs. with sense ‘favouring or siding with (what is indicated by the second element)’; as pro-abortion, pro-abortionist, pro-alien, pro-Allied, pro-Ally, pro-American, pro-annexation, pro-Arab, pro-Asiatic, pro-Axis, pro-Boche, pro-Boer, pro-British, pro-business, pro-Catholic, pro-Chinese, pro-clerical, pro-Communist, pro-educational, pro-English, pro-Fascist, pro-foreign, pro-French, pro-German, pro-Irish, pro-Israeli, pro-Japanese, pro-moral, pro-Nazi, pro-Negro, pro-opium, pro-papist, pro-patronage, pro-popery, pro-rebel, pro-Russian, pro-slavery, pro-Soviet, pro-tariff reform, pro-transubstantiation, pro-Turk, pro-Turkish, pro-war, pro-West, pro-Western, pro-Zionist, etc. Where the form of the second element permits, as in pro-Boer, pro-Catholic, pro-negro, pro-papist, pro-Turk, these are also used as ns. = ‘one who is on the side of, or favours{ddd}, a partisan or adherent of{ddd}’; pro-ˈknock a. and n., (a substance) tending to cause knocking when present in the fuel burnt in an internal-combustion engine; pro-ˈlife a., in favour of the maintenance of life; spec. against inducing abortion; hence pro-ˈlifer, someone with these views. b. In comb. with a n. (or verb-stem) + -er, -eer or -ite, forming a nonce-n. = ‘one who favours or sides with{ddd}’; as pro-Boarder (one in favour of a School Board), pro-breecher (a partisan of breeches), pro-flogger (one who favours flogging), pro-slaver (a pro-slavery man); pro-liquorite (one in favour of the unrestricted sale of alcoholic drinks); pro-Britisher, pro-marketeer [marketeer 3]. c. In comb. with a n. or adj. (or directly from those in a.) + -ism, forming abstract ns. = ‘the principle or character of being in favour of{ddd}’, as pro-alcoholism, pro-Arabism, pro-Boerism, pro-capitalism, pro-clericalism, pro-Germanism, pro-Russianism, pro-Semitism, pro-slaveryism, pro-Sovietism. Many of these are of opprobrious or hostile use.1976*Pro-abortionist [see pro-lifer below].1976National Observer (U.S.) 31 Jan. 5/3 If Carter can appeal successfully to both proabortion and right-to-life Democrats, we might as well hand him the nomination now.1977Lancet 2 July 48/2 Pro-abortionists are left, therefore, with familiar Parliamentary tactics of filibustering to try to prevent progress.1919W. S. Churchill in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1977) IV. Compan. i. 536 None of the *pro-Allied Russian Governments would meet them.1915H. Muensterberg in Fatherland 22 Dec. 347/1 The psychological equation of his personality makes him a pro-German in all that is best in him, and only his temper and his perpetual desire to be with the masses made him a *pro-Ally.1916Lit. Digest (N.Y.) 1 Jan. 3/2 He has been trapt into the nets of those who wove the pro-Ally newspaper opinion in this country.1916Mrs. Belloc Lowndes Let. 29 May (1971) 72 In America it has been rejected by one set of publishers as pro-German—by another as pro-Ally.1971D. E. Westlake I gave at the Office (1972) 159 They were revolutionaries who were pro-American, which is very rare in the world today.1898Westm. Gaz. 27 Apr. 6/3 Owing to the *pro-American tone of the English Press.1899Fitzpatrick Transvaal 21 In demolition of Sir T. Shepstone's *pro-annexation arguments.1920G. Bell Let. 12 Sept. (1927) II. xviii. 499 It is only quite recently that I have realized how prominent a place I have occupied in the public mind here as the *pro-Arab member of the administration.1973‘D. Rutherford’ Kick Start ix. 186 The Russians..are openly pro-Arab.1959Daily Tel. 2 Nov. 10/2 Traditional *pro-Arabism influenced us.1938New Statesman 25 June 1054/1 After he [sc. M. Imrédy] had made a speech to this effect, M. de Kánya hastened to deliver his *pro-Axis speech of June 1st.1942Times Rev. Year 1941 3 Jan. p. i/2 One result of their [sc. the Germans'] intrigues was a coup d'état in Iraq, where on April 3 Raschid Ali and a group of military malcontents expelled the Regent and set up a pro-Axis government.1902Daily Chron. 7 May 4/7 The *pro-Boarders were out-voted.1915National Rev. Apr. 169 A *pro-Boche Government would have been bundled out ‘neck and crop’ last August.1923Kipling Irish Guards in Gt. War. II. 160 Some pro-Boche agent in the far-off lands where it was purchased.1896*Pro-Boer [see pro-British below].1899Westm. Gaz. 23 May 1/3 Liberals need not trouble to be more pro-Boer than the Boers themselves.1901J. Chamberlain Sp. Ho. Comm. 18 Feb., We have had six pro-Boers speaking in this debate..and not one Liberal Imperialist.1900Dundee Advertiser 23 Aug. 4 Lord Rosslyn brings the novel charge of *pro-Boerism against us.1896Daily News 22 Apr. 5/1 If it were indeed a necessity of the situation to be pro-Boer or *pro-British..then as Britons we should be for the British, we admit.1927H. Dobbs in Lett. Gertrude Bell II. 543 The so-called pro-British sections of the populations.1980P. Van Greenaway Dissident vii. 148 A man, if he is anti-Soviet, must therefore be pro-British..and vice versa.1927Leader 31 Dec. 517/1 That was unexpected talk to what in Ireland is called a Chamber of Commerce—Chambers whose members are mostly *pro-Britishers and Shoneens.1975Hunt & Sherman Econ. (ed. 2) xii. 155 A large amount of *probusiness propaganda.1978New York 3 Apr. 34/3 It might also provide Kennedy with a pro-business image for a presidential campaign.1901Daily News 28 June 3/4 This trumpet blare of Triumphant Democracy..almost unnerves us into *pro-capitalism.1831Southey in Q. Rev. XLIV. 284 The Roman Catholics and the *pro-Catholics, and their infidel allies, had incessantly employed the periodical press in aid of their cause.1950New Yorker 6 May 96/2 The *pro-Communist Lettres Françaises is the best literary weekly in Paris.1976‘M. Barak’ Secret List H. Roehm iii. 35 The establishment of a pro-communist spy ring.1839Morn. Herald 22 Oct., The opinions of the *pro-educational and anti-slavery parties throughout the country.1898M. Davitt in Westm. Gaz. 14 July 2/1 The *pro-English minority in the United States..are attempting a very hazardous enterprise for the future peace of the Republic.1937Duchess of Atholl in Koestler Spanish Testament 6 A so-called ‘Radical Government’, reinforced later by members of Señor Robles' *pro-Fascist party.1940‘G. Orwell’ in World Rev. (1950) June 28 The government..are subjectively pro-Fascist.1903Daily Chron. 30 June 3/7 The *pro-floggers in the United States are constantly appealing to the condition of Delaware in proof of the efficacy of flogging.1914R. Brooke Let. 3 Sept. (1968) 613 The intellectuals..are mostly pacifists and *pro-Germans.1915Kipling Let. 12 Aug. in C. E. Carrington Rudyard Kipling (1955) xvii. 433 Munthe..tells me of all his grief..to find that Sweden is so—not pro-German but afraid of Russia.1938E. Phipps Let. 9 Jan. in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1976) V. xliv. 894 Van's displacement..would be represented as a victory for the pro-Germans in England.1964Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Nov. 1018 He [sc. Frank Harris] spent the 1914–18 War in the United States, where he wrote pro-German propaganda.1914W. B. Yeats Tribute to Thomas Davis (1947) 12, I am not more vehemently opposed to the Unionism of Professor Mahaffy than I am to the *pro-Germanism of Mr. Pearse.1940Tablet 4 May 421/1 The pro-Germanism of expedience which was once practised by certain politicians.1897Westm. Gaz. 8 Apr. 2/2 If Russia can arrange a *pro-Greek settlement, do not let us denounce her.1904Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 4/3 Some of the pro-Greeks [those in favour of retaining Greek in the Previous Examination] at Cambridge would be ready to vote for an anti-Greek motion on the Oxford lines.1897Daily News 22 Feb. 9/3 The *pro-Hellenic manifestations in the streets..have..produced an unfavourable impression among business men.1901Daily Chron. 28 Oct. 4/3 Mr. Chamberlain..described Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman as the leader of the pro-Boer and Little Englander and *pro-Irish party.1975J. Crosby Affair of Strangers iv. 33 French policy..is far more pro-Arab than the French people are. The French people..would be *pro-Israeli.1896Daily News 7 Mar. 5/7 Kim-Hong-Tsu, the Premier [of Corea], and seven other *pro-Japanese Ministers were beheaded and their corpses dragged through the streets.1927Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists XIII. 301 Amyl nitrate and nitrite..according to Midgley are *pro-knock.1928Ibid. XIV. 188 They might have some indications..as to how the pro-knock worked as against the anti-knock in that particular type of flame propagation.1953E. M. Goodyer Petroleum & Performance in Internal Combustion Engines viii. 189 Ignition accelerating materials are those which act as pro-knocks in spark-ignition engine fuels, and include organic peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, and various sulphur compounds.1973K. Owen in Hobson & Pohl Mod. Petroleum Technol. (ed. 4) xv. 596 Monomethylaniline..acts as an anti-knock agent in its undecomposed form but..if it is decomposed too early in the combustion cycle it can even have a pro-knock effect.1896M. Davitt in Westm. Gaz. 15 Dec. 4/2 If the Irish Land Commission were not a practically packed *pro-landlord tribunal.1961G. Smith Business of Loving xvii. 284 Benny divides people into..the life-enhancers and the life-diminishers; he is a believer in the first, a leader of the *pro-life party.1978Dædalus Spring 155 Its eleven members include only five scientists, one of whom was known for his prolife position.1979Time 30 July 6 As the oldest of eleven children (all married), I'd like to point out our combined family numbers more than 100 who vote only for pro-life candidates.1976National Observer (U.S.) 31 Jan. 5/2 Carter..had misled proabortionists and *prolifers.1976Observer 24 Oct. 9/1 Anti-abortion forces have been organising to overturn the decision [of the U.S. Supreme Court]... The pro-lifers, as they prefer to call themselves, can no longer be written off as a lunatic fringe.1979Time 30 July 6 Pro-lifers have children, pro-choicers do not.1895Voice (N.Y.) 19 Sept. 3/4 It has even been admitted by *pro-liquorites that the voters of New Jersey would under the Initiative and Referendum adopt county, municipal, and township local option.1961Economist 2 Dec. 877/1 Mr. Heath's speech may legitimately be criticised by *pro-marketeers.1976H. Wilson Governance of Britain 10, I had to be aware of..the balance between committed pro-marketeers and committed anti-marketeers.1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 649 It may be well to call the..tendencies favorable to virtue, *pro-moral.1936New Yorker 29 Feb. 24/3 Ernst Röhm, who in 1928 had written a *pro-Nazi autobiography.1974G. Jenkins Bridge of Magpies vii. 113 Her husband was the boss of the pro-Nazi underground movement.1892Pall Mall G. 20 Apr. 6/1 Mr. Malins headed the *pro-negro party when the secession..took place.1839Conservative Jrnl. 26 Jan., The interests of..a *pro-papist popularity-hunting viceroy.1841J. Robertson in Charteris Life v. (1863) 125 The anti-patronage men and the *pro-patronage Non-intrusionists split among themselves.1828Syd. Smith in Lady Holland Mem. (1855) I. 217 A deputation of *pro-Popery papers waited on me today to print, but I declined.1829Whewell in Life (1881) 127 He is supported by the pro-popery Ministry.1897Daily News 25 Jan. 5/7 The *pro-Rhodes feeling in Capetown..is strong to unreason.1890Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 29 Aug., The so-called United Brethren known as liberals or *pro-secretists.1856in L. W. Spring Kansas (1885) 48, I tell you I'm *pro-slave.1858N. York Tribune 29 Dec. 6/4 The *Pro-Slavers all went home without any action.1843Whittier What is Slavery? Prose Wks. 1889 III. 106 In the midst of grossest *pro-slavery action, they are full of anti-slavery sentiment.1856G. D. Brewerton War in Kansas 124 ‘The hour and the man’ of Free-State-ism, or *Pro-Slavery-ism, for we can scarce say which, is yet to come.1950L. Fischer in Koestler et al. God that Failed 225 This I did not understand in the years when I was *pro-Soviet.1977Listener 21 Apr. 499/3 Mao's pro-Soviet opponents.1950L. Fischer in Koestler et al. God that Failed 224 My years of *pro-Sovietism have taught me that no one who loves people and peace should favour a dictatorship.1952Sun (Baltimore) 6 Feb. 1/5 The Soviet claims..treated such ‘neutralism’ on the part of United Nations members as pro-Sovietism.1839J. Rogers Antipopopr. vi. ii. 222 One sense tells that a *pro-transubstantiation passage is in the Bible.1896Daily News 3 Apr. 4/7 The curious anomaly that some of our strongest anti-Turk politicians on the Armenian question should at the same time be in favour of a *pro-Turk policy in Egypt.1899Ibid. 6 Mar. 8/5 The *pro-vaccinist statisticians.1958‘A. Bridge’ Portuguese Escape iii. 44 One of the real stars is *pro-West, and arranged with our man in Hungary to bring him along.1976Billings (Montana) Gaz. 17 June 2-g/1 Kenya, the only pro-West nation on the East African coast.1934Webster, *Pro-Western.1965H. Kahn On Escalation i. 24 It [sc. the United States] could have invaded Iraq in 1958 to restore a pro-Western government.1980P. Van Greenaway Dissident v. 123 Is it possible for a man to be pro-Western without being anti-Soviet?1949Koestler Promise & Fulfilment i. ii. 13 ‘Somehow we like the Arabs’..confessed a sincere and *pro-Zionist Englishman.1971D. Meiring Wall of Glass viii. 65 The idea that Jew could kill Jew in Palestine for political reasons was the more intolerable the more pro-Zionist you were.Add:[II.] [5.] [a.] pro-ˈchoice a. and n. (orig. U.S.), in favour of upholding a woman's legal right to choose whether to have an abortion; also as n., a pro-choice policy.1975Ms Sept. 103/1 The legal battles..have virtually all been decided in favor of pro-choice.1976W. W. Watters Compulsory Parenthood xiv. 241 The commonly used phrase ‘pro-abortion’, rather than the more accurate term ‘pro-choice’, is an example of this distortion.1986Parl. Affairs XXXIX. iii. 363 ‘Pro-life’ senators opposing those allied with the ‘pro-choice’ movement.pro-ˈfamily a. (orig. and chiefly U.S.), promoting stable family life; spec. opposed to the legalizing of abortion.1977Washington Post 13 July a4/1 Carter's ‘pro-family’ reform of a ‘viciously anti-family’ child welfare system.1984B. Frishman Amer. Families i. 15 Some ‘pro-family’ activists..noisily pressed their antiabortion and ‘morality’ platform.▪ II.pro-, prefix²|prəʊ|Repr. the Gr. preposition πρό, meaning ‘before’ (of time, position, preference, priority, etc.), forming in Greek many compounds—verbs, substantives, and adjectives. Of the ns. and their derivatives more than 60 were adopted in late Latin as technical terms of rhetoric, philosophy, natural history, art, and Jewish or Christian religion (e.g. problēma, proboscis, prodromus, prolēpsis, prologus, prophēta (prophētīa, prophēticus, prophētizāre), propolis, proscænium, prostylus, protasis). With the revival of learning many more Greek terms were latinized. Many of these latinized forms of both periods have been adopted or adapted in the modern languages generally, and have subsequently served as models for the formation of new combinations from Greek (less commonly from Latin) elements, in the nomenclature of modern science and philosophy. The older and more important of the English words so derived appear in their alphabetical order as Main words. Those in which pro- is more obviously a prefix to a word itself used in English, or which are merely technical terms, follow here.1. In sense ‘Before in time’: forming (a) ns., chiefly scientific terms denominating the earlier, or (supposed) primitive type of an animal, plant, organ, or structure (with derived adjs.); (b) adjs. meaning ‘previous to or preceding that which is expressed by the second element’.proaccelerin |-ækˈsɛlərɪn| Biochem., a relatively labile procoagulant present in the blood; proˈactivator Biochem., a precursor of the activator of a compound; pro-agonic |-əˈgɒnɪk| a., Path., preceding a paroxysm; pro-ˈamnion, the primitive amnion in the embryonic stage of some animals; hence pro-amniˈotic a., pertaining to the pro-amnion; ‖ pro-amphibia |-æmˈfɪbɪə| n. pl. Zool., the (hypothetical) primitive or ancestral amphibious animals; pro-angiosperm |-ˈændʒɪəʊspɜːm| Bot., a primitive or ancestral angiosperm, from which the existing angiosperms are supposed to have been developed; hence pro-angioˈspermic a.; pro-bapˈtismal a., preceding or preparatory to baptism; probaˈsidium Bot. [ad. F. probaside (P. Van Tieghem 1893, in Jrnl. de Bot. VII. 80)], in some fungi, a part of a basidium, or an early stage in its development, in which nuclear fusion takes place; probiˈotic a. = prebiological, prebiotic adjs.; proˈcarcinogen, a substance that is not directly carcinogenic itself but is converted in the body into one that is; so proˌcarcinoˈgenic a.; prochorion |-ˈkɔərɪən| Embryol., the vitelline membrane or integument of the ovum, which develops into the chorion; procoˈagulant n. and a. Biochem., (of or pertaining to) any substance that promotes the conversion of the inactive prothrombin to the clotting enzyme thrombin; proconˈvertin Biochem. [convert v.], a relatively stable procoagulant present in the blood; pro-ˈdialogue (nonce-wd.), an introductory dialogue; prodissoconch |-ˈdɪsəʊkɒŋk|, Zool. [Gr. δισσό-ς double + conch], a name suggested for the early shell of the oyster; proeˈrythroblast Med. [ad. It. proeritroblasti (A. Ferrata Morfologia del Sangue (1912) v. 232)], the earliest recognizable precursor of the red-cell series, characterized by a large nucleus with nucleoli and by basophilic cytoplasm; proestrus, var. proœstrum below; ˌprofibrinoˈlysin Biochem. = plasminogen; progametange |-ˈgæmiːtændʒ|, -gameˈtangium Biol., ‘an immature or resting gametangium’ (Cent. Dict.); † proˈgamete Biol., a structure able to give rise to one or more gametes; proganoid |-ˈgænɔɪd| Ichthyol., a. of or belonging to the primitive (fossil) ganoid fishes; n. a primitive ganoid; proganosaur |-ˈgænəʊsɔə(r)| Palæont. [Gr. γάνος brightness + σαῦρος lizard], n. a member of the order Proganosauria of extinct reptiles; adj. belonging to this order; proˈgymnosperm, Bot., a primitive or ancestral gymnosperm, from which the existing gymnosperms are supposed to have been developed; hence progymnoˈspermic a.; proˈheterocyst Biol., an incipient heterocyst; proˈhormone Physiol., a natural precursor of a hormone; proinsulin |prəʊˈɪn-| Biochem., the natural precursor of insulin; proˈkosmial a., nonce-wd. [Gr. κόσµος world: see cosmos], existing before the cosmos or universe; proˈmammal Zool., one of the (hypothetical) Promammalia or primitive mammals; so promaˈmmalian a.; proˈmeristem Bot., primary meristem, protomeristem; ˌpromitoˈchondrion Cytology, an inactive form of mitochondrion; proˈmyelocyte Med., a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and a mature myelocyte; so proˈmyelocytic a.; pronymph |ˈprəʊnɪmf|, Entom. [see nymph n. 3], a stage in the development of some dipterous insects, intervening between the larval and pupal stages (cf. propupa below); hence proˈnymphal a.; ‖ pro-œstrum |-ˈiːstrəm, -ˈɛs-| (proestrus, proœstrus) Zool., the period immediately preceding that of the œstrum or sexual excitement in animals; so pro-ˈœstrous a., preceding the œstrum; belonging to the pro-œstrum; proˈpeptone (see quot. 1895); ‖ properistoma |-pəˈrɪstəmə|, properistome |-ˈpɛrɪstəʊm| Embryol. [cf. peristome], the lip of the primitive mouth of a gastrula; hence properiˈstomal a.; proˈplastid Cytology, a small unspecialized plastid, able to differentiate into a plastid of any type characteristic of the species; ‖ propupa |-ˈpjuːpə| Entom., a stage in the development of some insects, as the cochineal-insect, intervening between the larval and pupal stages (cf. pronymph above); prorenal |-ˈriːnəl| a. Embryol. [see renal], belonging to the primitive kidney or segmental body; ‖ proscolex |-ˈskəʊlɛks|, Zool., pl. proscolices |-ˈskəʊlɪsiːz| [Gr. σκώληξ worm], the first embryonic stage of a cestode or tape-worm, from which the scolex is developed by budding; hence proscolecine |-ˈskəʊlɪsaɪn| a., pertaining to a proscolex; proseˈcretin Physiol., a supposed precursor of secretin; ‖ prospoˈrangium Bot. (pl. -ia) = prozoosporange; proˈtheca [theca], in Foraminifera, the primary wall; proˈtrichocyst Zool. [ad. G. protrichocyste (B. M. Klein 1928, in Arch. f. Protistenkunde LXII. 210)], an undeveloped trichocyst; protrypsin |-ˈtrɪpsɪn| Phys. Chem., a substance formed in the pancreas, and afterwards converted into trypsin; also called trypsinogen; prozoosporange |-ˌzəʊəʊspɒˈrændʒ| Bot., a stage in the development of certain fungi, which produces a thin-walled process into which the protoplasm passes and divides into zoospores.1951P. A. Owren in Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Internat. Soc. Hematol. 379, I wish to propose the terms *proaccelerin and accelerin instead of Factor V and Factor VI, because..these factors constitute the system which is responsible for the acceleration of thrombin formation.1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. II. 266/1 The interreactions of tissue thromboplastin, calcium ions, and several proteins of plasma, including proaccelerin..and proconvertin, result in the conversion of prothrombin into a proteolytic enzyme, thrombin.1956T. Astrup in Blood XI. 783 In blood, human milk, tears, and in other body fluids enzymatically acting activators of plasminogen are also found, or can be produced. The production of activating agents in these cases is caused by the transformation of a precursor (a *proactivator).1973Jrnl. Clin. Invest. LII. 2591/2 Conversion of highly purified plasminogen proactivator to plasminogen activator was shown to result in the generation of chemotactic activity.1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 621 The termination is doubtful, and transition into the *pro-agonic stage not rare.1890Billings Med. Dict., *Pro-amnion, term applied by van Beneden and Julin to an area around the head of the very young embryo in which there is no mesoderm, the ectoderm and endoderm being in direct contact, and which is soon obliterated by the ingrowth of mesoderm.1889Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Dec. 290 Long after the true amnion has been quite completed the head gradually emerges from this *pro-amniotic pit.1901Nature 14 Mar. 462/2 Connected through a series of hypothetical *Proamphibia or Protetrapoda with equally hypothetical Selachian-like animals.1886Ibid. 25 Feb. 389/1 The ancestral ‘*pro-angiosperms’ are supposed to have borne leaves such as are found diminished or masked in so many of their existing descendants.Ibid. 389/2 Such was the nature of plants in their ‘*pro-angiospermic’ stage.1840G. S. Faber Christ's Disc. Capernaum viii. 230 note, Cyril has devoted to his painful *probaptismal instruction no fewer than eighteen Lectures.1928C. W. Dodge tr. Gäumann's Compar. Morphol. Fungi xxv. 415 This enlarged hyphal cell which..forms the first stage of the basidium..is called [the] *probasidium.1979I. K. Ross Biol. Fungi vi. 156 In the spring, each cell of the teliospore [in Puccinia graminis] functions as a probasidium and produces a thin-walled metabasidium.1954New Biol. XVI. 44 We have as yet no basis for confidence about the *probiotic state.1971J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man xxvi. 372 A probiotic soup of amino-acids, ribose, four purine and pyrimidine bases, and a source of high-energy phosphate.1963Clin. Pharmacol. & Therapeutics IV. 111/1 A compound requiring metabolic activation is one which when administered to animals is very likely not carcinogenic by itself (‘*procarcinogen’) but requires transformation in the host to become a ‘proximate’ carcinogen—a sort of lethal synthesis.1975Pharmacol. Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy 129 (heading) Procarcinogens and their bioactivation.1944Jrnl. Exper. Med. LXXX. 121 The papers dealing with the ‘cocarcinogens’ show clearly that the substances thus designated do not cause neoplastic changes but act either by enabling the real carcinogens to reach susceptible cells or by promoting the formation of growths. They are in other words *procarcinogenic.1976New Scientist 9 Dec. 586/2 Cigarette smoke..contains procarcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which are broken down by enzymes in the lungs.1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man II. xix. 157 This *prochorion very soon disappears, and is replaced by the permanent outer egg-membrane, the chorion.1958Landaburu & Seegers in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXCIII. 178/1 Other factors support the production and enzyme function of thrombin, and these we call *procoagulants.1960Nature 26 Mar. 930/2 The control of prothrombin activation is by a group of anticoagulants and procoagulants functioning in dynamic equilibrium.1962W. H. Seegers Prothrombin ix. 202 There is a procoagulant effect noticeable in whole blood or plasma following the alimentary intake of certain kinds of fats.1971R. S. Shepard Human Physiol. xiv. 243/2 (caption) Intermediates of prothrombin activation may result in the formation of a number of other procoagulants as well as anticoagulants.1976Nature 22 Apr. 711/2 It has been shown that human fibroblasts contain a potent procoagulant activity called ‘tissue factor’ (TF).1951P. A. Owren in Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Internat. Soc. Hematol. 383 This substance acts as the limiting factor for prothrombin conversion and I have thus chosen to give it the name *proconvertin.1976Nature 17 June 621/2 The coagulation of blood is envisaged as a complex but ordered succession of processes, and at least four of the many factors (prothrombin, proconvertin, Christmas factor and Stuart factor) are known to be dependent on vitamin K.1884Athenæum 12 July 41/1 In the *pro-dialogue to the ‘Isle of Gulls’ one of the characters says, ‘I cannot see it out.’1888Jackson in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XXIII. 543 In the oyster..this shell is not single but double-valved, and..as it precedes the dissoconch or true shell, I suggest the name *prodissoconch, or early double shell.1927A. Piney Rec. Adv. Hæmatol. ii. 29 It is obvious that the adherents of the monophyletic school will be of opinion that the red corpuscle is derived from the primitive stem cell (hæmocytoblast). They contend that all sorts of transitions can be found between large non-hæmoglobiniferous cells (*pro-erythroblasts) and the mature, fully hæmoglobiniferous corpuscle.1962Lancet 27 Jan. 208/2 A continuous morphological spectrum of cells was evident, indicating many transitional forms between what appeared to be typical small lymphocytes and myeloblasts or proerythroblasts.1969Hayhoe & Flemans Atlas Haematol. Cytol. (1970) i. 7 The proerythroblast is not itself the functional stem cell serving as a self-maintaining progenitor of the normoblast series.1947E. C. Loomis et al. in Arch. Biochem. XII. 1 We suggest the following names for the compounds: 1). Fibrinolysin... 2). *Profibrinolysin—the inactive form or precursor of fibrinolysin. This compound is the proenzyme form from serum or plasma activated by streptokinase, organic solvents and other enzyme activators.1958Observer 14 Dec. 4/3 A precursor, profibrinolysin, is present in the blood and is changed to fibrinolysin by natural agents released when needed.1968A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) xxxi. 733 The proteolytic enzyme, plasmin (fibrinolysin), ordinarily exists in plasma as the inactive precursor..plasminogen (profibrinolysin).1892Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXXIII. 6 In my terminology I have used the word[s]..gametogonium and *progamete to express, from slightly different points of view, a cell which divides to form gametes, or (rarely) passes into the state of a gamete.Ibid. 54 In most cases of so-called ‘parthenogenesis’ of Metazoa only one polar body is formed, and the ovum, rather a progamete than an oosphere, segments and develops directly.1904Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. XL. 231 The zygospores are abundant between the gills of the host, and the progametes arise at times from branches of the same hypha.1889Nicholson & Lydekker Palæont. II. xlix. 959 *Proganoid Series.Ibid. 965 The last group of the Proganoids.1900Osborn in Amer. Naturalist Oct. 797 More probable than that the avian phylum should have originated quite independently from a quadrupedal *proganosaur.1886Nature 25 Feb. 389/2 In the remote past..the cambium layer may have existed in an irregular or fugitive manner in the ‘pro-angiospermic’, as it did in the ‘*pro-gymnospermic’ stem.1970Nature 14 Nov. 686/1 A close pattern of heterocysts and presumptive heterocysts (‘*proheterocysts’) is apparent.1973Jrnl. Cell Sci. XIII. 641 In the presence of ammonia, heterocyst development is affected, so that a pattern consisting largely of proheterocysts, rather than mature heterocysts, is formed.1935Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXII. 511 Many of the published opinions concerning the *prohormone have been made from incidental observations, rather than from directed experiments planned to give information concerning its existence or properties.1970Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXVII. 1637 Unlike the islet cell, which stores hormone primarily in the form of insulin, the parathyroid may store its hormone as the prohormone, with conversion taking place when the gland is stimulated.1977Lancet 25 June 1341/2 Vitamin D is a pro-hormone which only becomes active on transformation to its 25-hydroxy derivative, a process that is subject to pronounced but poorly understood constraints.1916E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs xvii. 128 Provisionally, it will be convenient to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. It must, however, be stated that it has yet to be determined whether the active substance is present as such in the pancreas or whether it exists there as *pro-insuline, which becomes elsewhere converted into the active autacoid.1967D. F. Steiner et al. in Science 26 Apr. 700/2 The labeling data reported here support our earlier interpretation that component b is a precursor in the biosynthesis of insulin. It might be less cumbersome, therefore, to designate this material ‘proinsulin’.1969Nature 15 Nov. 696/1 Proinsulin has little or no biological activity, but is present in the circulation and produces insulin-like effects when injected into normal animals.1970Jrnl. Clin. Investigation XLIX. 506/2 At present data concerning the biological activity of human proinsulin are not available.1855Bailey Mystic (ed. 2) 36 Where the *pro-kosmial forms of thought abide.1889Proc. Zool. Soc. 262 If not the ‘*Promammal’ of Haeckel, it may perhaps have been a near relative of some such transitional form.1876tr. Haeckel's Hist. Creat. xxi. II. 235 The unknown, extinct Primary Mammals, or *Promammalia..probably possessed a very highly developed jaw.1898tr. Strasburger's Bot. i. 90 The tissues..are distinguished as primary and secondary, according as they are derived from the *promeristem or secondary meristem.1925Eames & MacDaniels Introd. Plant Anat. iii. 41 Promeristems gradually become differentiated.1953K. Esau Plant Anat. iv. 78 The initiating cells and their most recent derivatives are often distinguished, under the name of promeristem.1976Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (rev. ed.) 89 Primary embryonic tissues are those which are derived ontogenetically directly from the tissue of the embryo, and they are referred to as primordia or promeristems.1969Criddle & Schatz in Biochem. VIII. 323/2 Since the term ‘proplastid’ is well established.., the mitochondria-like particles from anaerobic yeast cells were correspondingly termed ‘*promitochondria’.1974Nature 15 Mar. 258/2 Such mitochondria as yeast promitochondria do not contain all the carriers of the respiratory chain and possess an enhanced resistance to anaerobiosis.1925Strong & Elwyn Bailey's Textbk. Histol. (ed.7) vi. 142 The myelocytes are the most abundant developmental forms of marrow... The most immature are known as *promyelocytes, the fully matured as metamyelocytes.1957L. K. Hillestad in Acta Medica Scand. CLIX. 189 This paper deals with three cases of a special type of acute myelogenous leukemia... The white blood cell picture in the peripheral blood resembles that of the more chronic forms of leukemia, as it is dominated by promyelocytes and myelocytes with very few myeloblasts. A logical name for this type of leukemia is acute promyelocytic leukemia.1973Brit. Jrnl. Haematol. XXIV. 255 Acute promyelocytic leukaemia..is now recognized as a distinct clinical and pathological entity, classically characterized by..replacement of bone marrow by abnormal myeloblasts and promyelocytes.1977Lancet 15 Oct. 806/2 Cytoplasmic vacuolation, similar to that in erythroblasts, occurs in promyelocytes in the bone-marrow of alcoholics.1895D. Sharp in Camb. Nat. Hist. V. 164 The process of forming the various organs goes on in the *pronymph, till the ‘nymph’ has completed its development.Ibid., The *pronymphal state may be looked upon as being to a great extent a return of the animal to the condition of an egg.1900W. Heape in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Nov. 6 *Pro-œstrum or the *Pro-œstrous Period..I have adopted to describe the first phases of generative activity in the female mammal at the beginning of a sexual season.1901Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2097. 593 There is the ‘pro-œstrum’ (‘the coming in season’)..characterised by..a pro-œstrous discharge..most usually of mucus.1923Amer. Jrnl. Anat. XXXII. 306 Through its action on *prooestrus and ovulation the corpus luteum indirectly inhibits those growth processes which are initiated by the maturing follicles.1923Proestrus [see metœstrus].1937Nature 4 Dec. 950/1 It can no longer be affirmed that the proœstrus of the lower mammal corresponds simply to the menstrual flow of the human female.1966,1973Proestrus, prooestrus [see metœstrus].1976Sci. Amer. July 52/2 In the normal estrous cycle of the rat the pituitary secretes large amounts of luteinizing hormone..in the afternoon of proestrus, approximately 30 hours after the initial increase in estradiol secretion by the ovaries.1895Syd. Soc. Lex., *Propeptone, also termed Hemialbumose, one of the intermediate products formed during the conversion of albumins into peptones in gastric digestion.1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 292 The action of the gastric juice upon the albuminous constituents of the food is indicated by the presence of syntonin, propeptone and peptone.1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. viii. 220 At the thickened edges of the gastrula, the primitive mouth-edge (*properistoma), the endoderm, and the exoderm pass into each other.1922L. F. Randolph in Bot. Gaz. LXXIII. 345 Since these bodies have been found to occur as a constant feature of the cytoplasm of meristematic cells in maize, and inasmuch as they have been found to be definitely concerned with the formation of chloroplasts, the term ‘*proplastid’ will be used for such bodies.1934L. W. Sharp Introd. Cytol. (ed. 3) iv. 69 The differentiated plastids seen in mature tissues may be traced back to plastid primordia, or proplastids in the young cells of the meristem or embryo.1967Kirk & Tilney-Bassett Plastids xiv. 497 It may be generally true that whenever a chloroplast-containing plant cell has to start dividing, the chloroplasts revert to proplastids to facilitate the plastid division that must take place if plastid numbers in the cell are to be maintained.1895Syd. Soc. Lex., *Propupa, that stage in insect development immediately preceding the pupa.1898Packard Textbk. Entomol. iii. 627 It passes into what Riley terms the pro-pupa, in which the wing-pads are present.1888Huxley & Martin Elem. Biol. 169 The *pro-renal (segmental) duct; a conspicuous thick-walled tube seen, on either side, lying within the somatic mesoblast.1895Syd. Soc. Lex., *Proscolecine, belonging to a Proscolex.1870Rolleston Anim. Life 250 Embryo or *proscolex of an ordinary Taenia, armed..with six spines.1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 233 That the proscolex may develope in an alimentary canal is proved by P. J. Van Beneden's discovery of proscolices with scolices in all stages of growth in the intestine of the Lump-fish.1902Bayliss & Starling in Jrnl. Physiol. XXVIII. 331 The distribution of ‘*prosecretin’, as we have proposed to call the mother-substance, corresponds..precisely with the region from which acid introduced into the lumen excites secretion from the pancreas.1935Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXII. 511 In this study we have..attempted to obtain concrete evidence concerning the existence of prosecretin.1962R. A. Gregory Secretory Mech. Gastro-Intestinal Tract xii. 157 Bayliss & Starling originally supposed that it [sc. secretin] might exist in the form of an active precursor ‘prosecretin’ from which secretin was liberated by acid hydrolysis. This view was later abandoned.1887tr. De Bary's Fungi 163 When it [Polyphagus Euglenæ] has reached a certain size,..it shows itself in many specimens to be a sporangium, or, if the term is preferred, a *prosporangium.Ibid. Explan. Terms 498 Prosporangium, in Chytridieæ: vesicular cell the protoplasm of which passes into an outgrowth of itself, the sporangium, and becomes divided into swarm-spores.1945M. F. Glaessner Princ. Micropalaeont. v. 108 The *protheca or primary wall consists of a layer of clear transparent calcite (diaphanotheca), and a thin dark outer rind-like film (tectum).1963K. A. Allen tr. Pokorny's Princ. Zool. Micropalaeont. I. vi. 236 In some of these forms [of Foraminifera] there is only a single undifferentiated layer, the protheca.1933G. N. Calkins Biol. Protozoa (ed. 2) iv. 135 The trichocysts at rest are capsules filled with a densely staining..substance... They appear to be connected with the silver line system and..are here represented by granules when the trichocysts are undeveloped. In such granular form they are sometimes called ‘*protrichocysts’.1965Jrnl. Cell Biol. XXVII. 67 The structures containing the amorphous material are variously referred to as protrichocysts, mucoid trichocysts, mucigenic bodies, or secretory ampules.1972M. S. Gardiner Biol. Invertebrates xix. 850/2 Electron micrographs reveal that the stripes contain refringent granules, considered protrichocysts, which are..blue in S[tentor] coeruleus, giving this species its beautiful color.1900Lancet 27 Oct. 1187/1 The pancreatic zymogen, trypsinogen or *protrypsin.2. Of local position: forming ns. and adjs., chiefly anatomical and zoological terms (often correlated with words in meta-¹ and meso-); (a) in adjectival relation to the second element, denoting either ‘an anterior or front (thing of the kind)’, or ‘an anterior or front part (of the thing)’; (b) in prepositional relation to the second element = ‘lying before or in front of (the thing)’.pro-ˈatlas, Zool. [Atlas n.¹ 2] (see quots.); ‖ procerebrum |-ˈsɛrɪbrəm|, Anat., the front part of the cerebrum or brain; the fore-brain, prosencephalon; hence proˈcerebral a.; procnemial |-ˈkniːmɪəl| a., Anat. [Gr. κνήµη leg, tibia], situated in front of the tibia; proˈdelta a. and n. Geol., (the part of a delta) lying underneath and beyond the sloping front of a delta; so prodelˈtaic a.; ‖ pro-epimeron |-ɛpɪˈmɪərən| Entom., the epimeron of the prothorax of an insect, the second sclerite of either propleuron; hence pro-epiˈmeral a.; ‖ pro-epiˈsternum, Entom., the episternum of the prothorax, the anterior sclerite of either propleuron; hence pro-epiˈsternal a.; proˈfilmic a. Semiotics [ad. F. profilmique: cf. E. Souriau in Revue Internationale de Filmologie (1951) II. vii–viii], happening or situated in front of a camera; proˈneural a., of the first bone in a turtle's carapace, situated in front of the neural bones; also absol.; ‖ pro-ˈosteon, Ornith. [Gr. ὀστέον bone], an ossification in each anterior lateral process of the sternum in certain birds; ‖ propaˈrapteron Entom., the parapteron of the prothorax; hence propaˈrapteral a.; ‖ proˈplexus (also anglicized ˈproplex) Anat., (a) Wilder's term for the choroid plexus of either of the lateral ventricles of the brain; (b) ‘the analogue in the Vertebrata generally of the brachial plexus in man’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); ‖ pro-postscuˈtellum, ‖ pro-præˈscutum Entom., the postscutellum and præscutum (respectively) of the prothorax of an insect; hence pro-postscuˈtellar, pro-præˈscutal adjs.; ‖ propygidium |-paɪˈdʒɪdɪəm| Entom., the segment immediately in front of the pygidium in certain beetles; ‖ proscapula |-ˈskæpjʊlə| Ichth., the outer bone of the scapular arch, usually passing forwards and articulating with its fellow of the opposite side, and supporting the cartilage or bone which bears the pectoral fin; hence proˈscapular a.; ‖ proscutellum |-skjuːˈtɛləm|, ‖ proscutum |-ˈskjuːtəm| Entom., the scutellum and scutum (respectively) of the prothorax; hence proscuˈtellar, proˈscutal adjs.; ‖ prozygaˈpophysis = prezygapophysis.1886Günther in Encycl. Brit. XX. 447/2 The first two vertebræ are differentiated as axis and atlas, and in front of the latter there may be [in Reptiles] a rudiment of another vertebra, which has been distinguished as the *proatlas.1889Nicholson & Lydekker Palæont. II. xlv. 897 It has been suggested that certain bony splints overlying the arch of the atlas in Crocodiles represent a vertebra intercalated between the latter and the cranium, for which the name proatlas has been proposed. It is, however, by no means proved that these splints do not belong to the atlas vertebra.1895Syd. Soc. Lex., *Procerebral, belonging to the Procerebrum.1890Billings Med. Dict., *Procerebrum, Prosencephalon.1854Owen Skel. & Teeth (1855) 64 The proximal end of the tibia..: two ridges are extended from its upper and anterior surface: the strongest of these is the ‘*procnemial’ ridge.1940E. S. Hills Outl. Structural Geol. i. 4 The bottom⁓sets or *prodelta clays represent the finer detritus spread out over the floor of the sea or lake in which the delta was formed.1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation xi. 227 This bed is, perhaps, comparable to that formed on a prodelta.1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xiv. 319 The high percentage of silt in the clays has led to a comparison with some modern pro-delta sediments.1975Hobson & Tiratsoo Introd. Petroleum Geol. ii. 32 The sediments of the delta front, pro-delta and continental shelf are organically fairly rich.1968Murchison & Westoll Coal v. 89 The seaward advance of delta-fronts and *prodeltaic muds, silts and sands.1974Nature 8 Feb. 344/2 Interbedded sheets and lenses of moderately well sorted prodeltaic and littoral sands.1895Syd. Soc. Lex., *Proëpimeral, *Proëpimeron, *Proëpisternal, *Proëpisternum.1973P. Willemen in Screen Spring/Summer 13 *Profilmic events should be divided into signifying reality and into non-signifying reality (eg on one level, a city is a signifying reality, a mountain range is not).Ibid., In the cinema one ‘sections’ the profilmic reality.1974M. Taylor tr. Metz's Film Lang. iii. 33 That great artist..manages to have beauty, which has been pitilessly rejected from every ‘profilmic’ occasion.1952A. Carr Handbk. Turtles i. 36 Along the mid-line twelve of the bones of the carapace are arranged in a row. In front is the *proneural bone (usually known as the nuchal).1967P. C. H. Pritchard Living Turtles of World 10 The foremost bone in the turtle shell..is large; it is called the proneural or nuchal bone. Behind the proneural comes a midline row of eleven or fewer bones, called neurals.1868W. K. Parker Shoulder-Girdle Vertebr. (Ray Soc.) 144 In the genus Rhea..there is, on each side, an osseous centre in front of the first rib: it ossifies the costal process, and, projecting forwards as a wing in front of the sternal ribs, may be called the ‘*pro-osteon’.1896Newton Dict. Birds 910 Thus in Rhea, Gallinæ, Turnix, Lestris and the Passeres, each anterior lateral process has its pro-osteon.., but in many other forms..these processes possess no special centre of ossification.1882Wilder & Gage Anat. Techn. 485 *Proplexus.1899D. Sharp in Camb. Nat. Hist. VI. 187 A similar plate anterior to the pygidium is called *propygidium.1833F. Walker in Entomol. Mag. I. 21 The semihyaline spots on the *proscutellum are much larger in this species.1872Mivart Elem. Anat. 46 But in some Chameleons, a prominence is developed from each *prozygapophysis, which may be a metapophysis.

pro-

word-forming element meaning "forward, forth, toward the front" (as in proclaim, proceed); "beforehand, in advance" (prohibit, provide); "taking care of" (procure); "in place of, on behalf of" (proconsul, pronoun); from Latin pro "on behalf of, in place of, before, for, in exchange for, just as," which also was used as a prefix.

Also in some cases from cognate Greek pro "before, in front of, sooner," which also was used in Greek as a prefix (as in problem). Both the Latin and Greek words are from PIE *pro- (cognates: Sanskrit pra- "before, forward, forth;" Gothic faura "before," Old English fore "before, for, on account of," fram "forward, from;" Old Irish roar "enough"), extended form of root *per- (1) "forward, through" (see per).

The common modern sense "in favor of, favoring" (pro-independence, pro-fluoridation, pro-Soviet, etc.) was not in classical Latin and is attested in English from early 19c.

1. prefix¹ | 2. prefix²

1
pro- /prəʊ/ prefix¹.

ORIGIN: Latin, formed as pro preposition, adverb, noun², & adjective². Sense 7 (rare before L19) app. from pro noun¹. Cf. pur-.

I In words derived or adopted from Latin.

1.Forward, to or toward the front, as produce, project, protrude; forward and down, as procumbent, prolapse, prostrate; into a public position, as proclaim.

2.From its place, away, as prodigal.

3.Onward (in space or time), as proceed, progress, propel.

4.Out, outward, as propagate, protract.

5.Before (in space or time), in front of, in provision for, as prohibit, protect.

II As a living prefix.

6.Prefixed to nouns to form nouns (and derived adjectives) with the sense ‘deputizing for, standing in place of’, as pro-cathedral, proconsul.

7.Prefixed to nouns and adjectives to form nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘(a person) favouring or supporting’, as pro-abortion, pro-abortionist, pro-Israeli.

DERIVATIVE probiˈotic adjective¹ & noun [after antibiotic] (pertaining to or designating) a substance which stimulates the growth of micro-organisms, esp. those with beneficial or desirable properties (such as those of the intestinal flora) M20.
pro-caˈthedral noun & adjective (designating) a church used instead of or as a substitute for a cathedral M19.
pro-ˈchoice noun & adjective (a policy of) advocating a legal right for women to choose whether to have an abortion L20.
pro-ˈchoicer noun a person in favour of pro-choice L20.
proˈcurved adjective curved in a forward direction L19.
proˈcyclical adjective tending to enhance the trade cycle L20.
pro-Euroˈpean noun & adjective (a person) favouring or supporting Europe; spec. (a person) supporting (British membership of) the European Community: M20.
pro-ˈfamily adjective (US) promoting family life; spec. opposed to abortion on demand: L20.
proˈfluvium noun, pl. -ia /-ɪə/, (esp. Medicine) a copious flow or discharge E17.
pro-form noun (Linguistics) a form, as a pronoun, whose reference or meaning is determined by the context. M20.
pro-ˈknock adjective & noun (a substance) tending to cause knocking when present in the fuel burnt in an internal-combustion engine E20.
pro-ˈlife adjective in favour of the maintenance of life; spec. against inducing abortion: M20.
pro-ˈlifer noun a person with pro-life views L20.
^†pronotary noun = protonotary M16–E18.
proˈsiphonate adjective (Palaeontology) (of a (fossil) cephalopod shell) having the siphonal funnel directed forward M20.
pro-ˈtutor noun (Scots Law) a person acting as tutor or guardian to one in the state of pupillarity, though not legally appointed as such M17.

2
pro- /prəʊ/ prefix².

ORIGIN: Greek, from pro preposition, before.

1.Before in time: forming (a) nouns (and derived adjectives) denoting a thing that is earlier or more primitive; (b) adjectives denoting earlier occurrence.

2.Before in space: forming (a) nouns (and derived adjectives) denoting an anterior part or an anterior thing; (b) adjectives denoting an anterior position.

DERIVATIVE proˈactivator noun (Biochemistry) a precursor of the activator of a compound M20.
pro-aˈnaphoral adjective (Christian Church) designating the part of the Eucharist which precedes the anaphora, esp. in the Orthodox Church M19.
probaˈsidium noun, pl. -dia, Botany in some basidiomycetes, a part or early stage of a basidium in which nuclear fusion takes place E20.
probiˈotic adjective² = prebiotic M20.
proˈcarcinogen noun (Medicine) a substance that is not directly carcinogenic itself but is converted in the body into one that is M20.
proˌcarcinoˈgenic adjective (Medicine) having the activity of a procarcinogen M20.
proˈchiral adjective (Chemistry) designating or containing a carbon atom attached to two identical and two distinct groups, and so readily forming chiral products from certain reactions M20.
prochiˈrality noun (Chemistry) the state of being prochiral M20.
procoˈagulant noun & adjective (Biochemistry) (of or pertaining to) any substance that promotes the conversion of the inactive prothrombin to the clotting enzyme thrombin M20.
proˈcoelous adjective (Anatomy & Zoology) (of vertebral centra) concave in front L19.
proˈcuticle noun the inner, thicker layer of the cuticle of an arthropod, below the epicuticle M20.
proˈdelta adjective & noun (Geology) (a) adjective lying underneath and beyond the sloping front of a delta; (b) noun the prodelta part of a delta: M20.
prodelˈtaic adjective (Geology) = prodelta adjective M20.
pro-ˈethnic adjective (Philology) prior to the division of the Indo-Europeans into separate peoples or tribes M19.
profibrinoˈlysin noun (Biochemistry) = plasminogen M20.
proˈfilmic adjective occurring or situated in front of a camera L20.
progenote /-ˈdʒi:n-/ noun [from gene after prokaryote] Biology a putative ancestor of all prokaryotes L20.
proˈglacial adjective situated or occurring just beyond the edge of an ice sheet or glacier M20.
proˈhormone noun a natural precursor of a hormone M20.
proˈinsulin noun (Biochemistry) the natural precursor of insulin E20.
proˈmeristem noun (Botany) in an apical meristem, the initial cells together with their most recent derivatives L19.
proˈmyelocyte noun (Physiology & Medicine) a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and a myelocyte E20.
proˈnotal adjective of or pertaining to the pronotum L19.
proˈnotum noun, pl. -ta, Entomology the dorsal part of the prothorax of an insect, completely covering the thorax in coleopterans, orthopterans, etc.: M19.
pro-ode noun (rare) (a) an introductory ode in a Greek chorus; (b) a short verse preceding a longer one: M19.
proˈpeptide noun (Biochemistry) a peptide which is eliminated from a protein in the course of the protein's synthesis L20.
propneustic /-ˈnju:stɪk/ adjective [Greek -pneustos breathing] Entomology having only a prothoracic pair of functional spiracles E20.
proˈpodium noun, pl. -ia /-ɪə/, Zoology in some gastropod molluscs, the anterior lobe of the foot M19.
proˈsternal adjective (Entomology) of or pertaining to a prosternum M19.
proˈsternum noun, pl. -na, -nums, Entomology the median ventral piece of the prothorax of an insect E19.
proˈstomial adjective (Zoology) of or pertaining to a prostomium L19.
proˈstomium noun (Zoology) in various invertebrates, a part of the body situated in front of the mouth L19.
proˈtheca noun (Zoology) the primary wall of a foraminifer M20.
prothoˈracic adjective of or pertaining to an insect's prothorax E19.
proˈthorax noun the first, anterior segment of an insect's thorax E19.

☞ pro

pro-
I. prefix
Etymology: Middle English, from Old French, from Latin, from Greek, from pro — more at for
1.
a. : earlier than : prior to : before
  < probaptismal >
b. : rudimentary : prot-
  < proanthropus >
  < Promammalia >
  < proembryo >
2.
a. : situated before : located in front of : anterior to
  < procerebrum >
b. : front : anterior
  < prothorax >
3. : projecting
< prognathous >
II. prefix
Etymology: Latin (also used especially with verbs to mean “before”, “forward”, “forth”, “down”, “on behalf of”), from pro before, in front of, in behalf of, for, on account of — more at for
1. : taking the place of : substituting for
< procathedral >
< pro-regent >
< pro-treasurer >
2. : siding with : advocating : favoring : supporting : championing
< pro-British >
< pro-liberalism >

pro-¹

(UK) IPA: /pɹəʊ/

(US) IPA: /pɹoʊ/

Rhymes: -əʊ

Prefix

agreeing with; supporting; favouring
substituting for

Etymology

From Latin pro (“in favour of, on behalf of”).

pro-²

Prefix

earlier; prior
rudimentary
in front of

Etymology

From Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”).

前缀：pro-

① 表示“向前，在前”

progress 进步（pro+gress走→向前走）

project 投射出;工程项目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→投射;引申为工程项目)

prologue 前言,序言(pro+logue说→在前面说→前言)

promote 促进;提升(pro+mote动→向前动→促进)

protrude 向前突出(pro+trude突出→向前突出)

propel 推进(pro+pel推→向前推)

proficient 精通的;熟练的(pro+fici做+ent→做在[别人] 前面→精通)

profile 侧面像;轮廓(pro+file纱线→前面的线条)

profess 公开表明,坦白(pro+fess说→在前面说坦白)

prodigious (数量等)巨大的(pro=pro+ig=act做→做在前面,做得多→大量的)

proclivity 倾向性,癖性(pro+cliv倾斜+ity→向前倾斜)

procure (费心)取得,获得(pro+cure关心→关心在前→[想要]获得)

prominent 显著的,杰出的(pro+min伸+ent→向前伸出→杰出的)

prosecute 检举;指控(pro+secu追随+ate→追随到[法院]前面→检举;指控)

prospect 景象,前景(pro+spect看→向前看→前景)

provident 顾及未来的,有远见的(pro+vid看+ent→向前看的→有远见的)

provoke 激怒,刺激(pro+voke喊→在[你]前面喊→激怒[你])

② 表示“很多…”

procrastinate 拖延(pro+crastin明天+ate→有许多明天明日复明日→拖延)

procreate 生育(pro+create创造→创造很多→生儿育女)

profligate 浪费的,挥霍的(pro+flig打出+ate→把钱不断的打出去→挥霍)

proliferate 繁殖,增殖(pro+lifer带来+ate→带来很多生命→繁殖)

profit 利润,收益(pro+fit做→做很多→做得好→利润)

profuse 大量的,丰富的(pro+fuse流→流很多→大量的)

prolific 多产的,多育的(pro+lif带来+ic→带来东西→多产的)

prosperous 兴旺的,繁荣的(pro+sper希望+ous→希望很多→兴旺的)

③ 表示“赞同，亲…”

pro-American 亲美的

proslavery 赞成奴隶制的(pro+slavery奴隶制)

proabortionist 赞成堕胎者的(pro+abortion堕胎+ist)

前缀：pro-

1、向前，在前

progress 向前进，进步

prospect 向前看，展望

prolong 向前延长

protrude 向前伸出

project 向前投出，射出

promote 促进，提升

prologue 前言，序言

propel 推进

2、代理、代替

pronoun 代名词，代词

procurator 代理人

pro-consul 代理领事

prolocutor 代言人

3、拥护、新、赞成

pro-British 亲英的

pro-Bloshevik 拥护布尔什维克派

pro-American 亲美的

proslavery 赞成奴隶制度的

proabortionist 赞成堕胎者

前缀：pro-

【词根含义】：前;公开

【词根来源】：来源于希腊语和拉丁语pro。

【同源单词】：by-product, compromise, improvident, microprocessor, portrait

随便看

英语词根词缀词典收录了54763条英语词根词缀词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的词根、词缀及词根记忆法解析，是记忆英语词汇的必备工具。

pro-1

prefix

Origin

pro-2

prefix

Origin

pro-1

pro-2

Related Words

pro- 1

Prefix

Etymology

pro- 2

Prefix

Etymology

前缀：pro-

前缀：pro-

前缀：pro-

pro-¹

pro-²

pro-¹

pro-²

pro-¹

pro-²