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词汇 -ling
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-ling 1
suff.（后缀）
  1. One connected with:
    和…相联系的：
    worldling.
    世俗之人
  2. One having a specified quality:
    具有一定性质的：
    underling.
    下属
  3. One that is young, small, or inferior:
    小的、年幼的、低下的人（或动物）：
    duckling.
    幼鸭

语源
  1. Middle English
    中古英语
  2. from Old English
    源自 古英语
-ling 2
suff.（后缀）
  1. In a specified direction, manner, or condition:
    表一定方向、方式或形势的：
    darkling.
    小鸭子

语源
  1. Middle English
    中古英语
  2. from Old English
    源自 古英语

-ling1

suffix forming nouns

often derogatory. a person or thing belonging to or associated with the group, activity, or quality specified
⇒ nestling
⇒ underling
used as a diminutive
⇒ duckling

Origin

Old English -ling, of Germanic origin; related to Icelandic -lingr, Gothic -lings

-ling2

suffix forming adverbs

in a specified condition, manner, or direction
⇒ darkling
⇒ sideling

Origin

Old English -ling, adverbial suffix

-ling1

Word Origin
1
a suffix of nouns, often pejorative, denoting one concerned with (hireling; underling), or diminutive (princeling; duckling).
Origin
Middle English, Old English; cognate with German -ling, Old Norse -lingr, Gothic -lings; see -le, -ing1

-ling2

1
an adverbial suffix expressing direction, position, state, etc.:
darkling; sideling.
Origin
Middle English, Old English; adv. use of gradational variant lang long1

Related Words

  • codling
  • kegling
  • nestling
  • starling
  • -lings
  • bantling
-lingI.
suffix found in some nouns, often pejorative, denoting one concerned with (hireling, underling); also diminutive (princeling, duckling).
[Middle English and Old English]
II.
an adverbial suffix expressing direction, position, state, etc., as in darkling, sideling.
[Middle English and Old English]
-ling
I
noun suffix
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English, from Old English; akin to Old English -ing
1. one connected with or having the quality of
    hireling
2. young, small, or inferior one
    duckling

II
adverb suffix
or -lings
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English -ling (from Old English), -linges (from -ling + -es -s); akin to Old High German -lingūn -ling, Old English lang long
: in (such) a direction or manner
    sideling
    flatling
-ling
/lɪŋ/  
suffix
1.
forming nouns from nouns (such as hireling, sapling)
［加在名词后构成另一名词, 如 hireling, sapling］
2.
forming nouns from adjectives and adverbs (such as darling, sibling, underling)
［加在形容词和副词后构成名词, 如 darling, sibling, underling］。
3.
forming diminutive words: gosling
［构成表示“小”的词, 如 gosling］。
■  often with depreciatory reference
［所指对象多含贬义, 如 princeling］。
词源
Old English; sense 3 from Old Norse.
▪ I.-ling, suffix1|lɪŋ|appended to ns., adjs., vb.-stems, and (rarely) advs., to form ns., is a Com. Teut. formative (OE., OS., OHG. -ling, ON. -ling-r, Goth. -ligg-s in gadiliggs). It doubtless arose from the addition of the suffix -iŋgo-z -ing3 to noun-stems formed with the suffix -ilo- (-el1, -le 1), but in all the historical Teut. langs. it has the character of a simple suffix.1. In OE., -ling added to ns. forms ns. with the general sense ‘a person or thing belonging to or concerned with (what is denoted by the primary n.), as hýrling hireling, ierðling ploughman (f. ierð ploughing), rǽpling prisoner (f. ráp rope). The derivatives from adjs. have the sense ‘a person or thing that has the quality denoted by the adj.’, e.g. déorling darling, efenling an equal, feorðling quarter, farthing, ᵹeongling youngling, ᵹesibling, sibling kinsman; similarly from an adv., underling subordinate. One or two names of birds have this suffix in OE., as swertling ? some black bird (? f. sweart black), stærling starling; here it may possibly have a diminutive force (see 2 below).In ME. and mod.E. the suffix continued to be freely employed with the same function as in OE.; examples are atterling, deathling, fatling, firstling, grayling, nestling, nursling, sapling, suckling. The personal designations in -ling are now always used in a contemptuous or unfavourable sense (though this implication was not fully established before the 17th c.), as courtling, earthling, groundling, † popeling (= papist), vainling, worldling. On the analogy of words like nursling, where the grammatical character of the initial element is ambiguous, a few ns. in -ling have been formed on vb.-stems (taken in passive sense), being personal designations of contemptuous import, such as shaveling, starveling; of similar origin is stripling, though it has lost its primary derisive sense.The suffix is no longer productive in the uses above explained.2. In ON. the suffix had a diminutive force, of which there are only slight traces in the other Teut. langs. (cf. OE. stærling mentioned above, and G. sperling sparrow); chiefly in words denoting the young of animals, as gǽsling-r gosling, ketling-r kitten, kiðlin-gr young kid, † ‘kidling’, but also in a few other words, as bœ́kling-r booklet, vetling-r glove, yrmling-r little worm. In Eng. the earliest certain instance of this use appears to be codling, recorded c 1314 (kitling, which appears a 1300, being of dubious formation), in the 15th c. we find gosling (of which the earliest quoted form, gesling, points to adoption from ON.), and duckling. In the 16th c. and subsequently the suffix has been employed in many new diminutive formations, chiefly contemptuous appellations of persons, as godling, lordling, kingling, princeling; in this use it is still a living formative.In the formation of diminutives expressing merely smallness of size, -ling has never been extensively used; a few writers of the 19th c. have so employed it in nonce-wds.c1800Lamb Lett. (1837) I. 147 Gentry dipped in Styx all over, whom no paper javelin-lings can touch.1815J. Gilchrist Labyrinth Demolished 8 Philosophling.Ibid. 22 Thinkling.Ibid. 24 Metaphysicling.1885Howells in Century Mag. XXX. 541 ‘A pity for you!’ cried the hunchbackling.▪ II.-ling2, -lin(g)s, suffixforming adverbs, most of which survive only dial. The Teut. root *liŋg-, laŋg-, luŋg-, to extend, reach, appears in its three ablaut-forms as the terminal element in certain OE. advs. expressive of direction or extent, as in bæcling backling; andlang (see along, endlong); nihtlanges for a night; grundlunga (also grundlinga) to the ground. In certain instances the suffixes -linga, -lunga, were already in OE. substituted for -inga, -unga, advb. terminations originating in some case (? ablative) of ns. in -ing, -ung (see -ing1); so in néadlunga, níedlinga, whence, with adverbial (genitival) es, the ME. nedlingis needlings, of necessity. The original OE. use (in which the suffix is added to ns. to form advs. of direction) is continued in the later formations grufelyng (grovelling), headling(s, sideling(s; more numerous, however, are the words in which the suffix forms advs. of condition or situation from adjs., as blindling(s, darkling(s, firstlings, flatling(s, hidlings, mostlings.
-ling
diminutive word-forming element, early 14c., from Old English -ling a nominal suffix (not originally diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *-linga-; attested in historical Germanic languages as a simple suffix, but probably representing a fusion of two suffixes: 1. that represented by English -el(1), as in thimble, handle; and 2. -ing, suffix indicating "person or thing of a specific kind or origin;" in masculine nouns also "son of" (as in farthing, atheling, Old English horing "adulterer, fornicator"), from PIE *-(i)ko- (see -ic).
Both these suffixes had occasional diminutive force, but this was only slightly evident in Old English -ling and its equivalents in Germanic languages except Norse, where it commonly was used as a diminutive suffix, especially in words designating the young of animals (such as gæslingr "gosling"). Thus it is possible that the diminutive use that developed in Middle English is from Old Norse.
1. suffix1 | 2. suffix2
 1 
-ling /lɪŋ/ suffix1. OE.
ORIGIN: Old English from Germanic, formed as -le1 + -ing3. In sense 2 from Old Norse.
1.(Not productive.) Forming nouns from nouns with the sense ‘a person or thing belonging to or concerned with’, as hireling, sapling, etc.; nouns from adjectives with the sense ‘a person or thing having the quality of being’, as darling, youngling, sibling, etc., (and similarly from an adverb, underling); and nouns from verbs with the sense ‘a person or thing undergoing’, as shaveling, starveling.
2.Forming nouns from nouns with the sense ‘a diminutive person or thing’, as gosling, duckling; now freq. derog., as godling, lordling, princeling.
 2 
-ling /lɪŋ/ suffix2 (not productive). Also -lings /-lɪŋz/. OE.
ORIGIN: Old English -ling from Germanic base = extend.
Forming adverbs of direction or extent from nouns, as grovelling, and adjectives of condition or position from adverbs, as darkling.
☞ ling
-ling
I. \liŋ, lēŋ\ noun suffix
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English; akin to Old High German -ling, Old Norse -lingr, Gothic -lings, Old English -ing — more at -ing (one of a specified kind)
1. : one belonging to or associated with a (specified) group or condition or marked by a (specified) quality
 < hireling >
 < darling >
 < nestling >
2. : young, small, or inferior one
 < duckling >
 < gosling >
 < princeling >
II. adverb suffix
or -lings \-ŋz\
Etymology: -ling from Middle English, from Old English; -lings from Middle English -linges, from -ling + -es, gen. singular ending of nouns (functioning adverbially, as in nedes needs, alweyes always); akin to Old High German -lingūn -ling, Old English -lō strap, Lithuanian lenkti to bend — more at -s
: in (such) a direction or manner : to (such) an extent
 < eastling >
— chiefly in adverbs of state or manner
 < darkling >
III.
present part of -le

-ling 1
  • -lyng (obsolete)
  • -lin (dialectal)

    • Suffix

    1. A diminutive modifier of nouns having either:
      1. The physical sense of "a younger, smaller or inferior version of what is denoted by the original noun".
      2. The derived sense indicating possession of or connection with a quality, which may have the sense of "a follower or resident of what is denoted by the stem form".

    Etymology

    From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix). Akin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gadiliggs)). More at -le, -ing.

    Derived terms

    terms derived from -ling: Diminutive
  • buckling
  • castling
  • darling
  • daughterling
  • doeling
  • duckling
  • fatling
  • fingerling
  • fledgling
  • fondling
  • godling
  • gosling
  • lordling, lording
  • pigling
  • princeling
  • spiderling
  • sportling
  • vechling
    • terms derived from -ling: Quality
  • cageling
  • changeling
  • darkling
  • earthling
  • firstling
  • foundling
  • hatchling
  • hireling
  • nestling
  • overling
  • ridgeling
  • sapling
  • seedling
  • shaveling
  • starveling
  • stripling
  • suckling
  • underling
  • weakling
  • wildling
  • witling
  • wordling
  • yearling
  • youngling

    • Usage notes

    Words ending in -ing derived from a root ending on -l or in a mute -le, such as dazzling, have usually only an accidental resemblance, though sometimes there is a connection, as in sidling, which comes both directly from Middle English in this form, and as conjugated from of the derived modern English verb sidle.

    -ling 2
  • -lings
  • -lin (dialectal)

    • Suffix

    1. as an adverb In the manner or direction indicated by the main stem (object.)

    Etymology

    From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.

    Derived terms

  • darkling
  • flatling
  • sideling

    • References

  • Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts, G.&C. Merriam Co., 1967

    • See also

  • -en
  • -le
  • -ock

    • 后缀：-ling ①[名词后缀]

    1、表示小

    birdling 小鸟，幼鸟

    catling 小猫

    pigling 小猪

    wolfling 小狼，狼崽

    duckling 小鸭

    gosling 小鹅

    seedling 幼苗，籽苗

    princeling 小君主

    2、表示与某种事物（或情况）有关的人或动物、具有某种性质的人或动物

    starveling 饥饿的人

    weakling 体弱的人

    hireling 被雇的人

    underling 部下，下属

    nurseling 乳婴，乳儿

    suckling 乳儿，乳兽

    fondling 被宠爱者

    witling 假装聪明的人

    earthling 世人，凡人，俗人

    fingerling 一指长的小鱼

    cageling 笼中鸟

    yearling 一岁的动物

    firstling 初产的动物

    fatling 养肥备宰的幼畜

    worldling 凡人，世俗之徒

    youngling 年轻人，幼小，动物，幼苗

    ②[形容词及副词后缀]

    表示状态

    darkling 在黑暗中（的）

    sideling 斜向一边（的）
    随便看

    　

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    更新时间：2025/4/14 18:55:47