keto-

a combining form representing ketone, in compound words:

ketolysis.

Also, especially before a vowel, ket-.

Related Words

alpha-ketoglutaric acid
ket-
ketoconazole
ketogenesis
ketohexose
ketolysis

keto-
combining form
⇨ see ket-

keto-|ˈkiːtəʊ|comb. form of ketone. a. (Before a vowel also ket-.) As an inseparable formative element of terms in Chem. and Med.: ketal |ˈkiːtæl| [after acetal], any compound of the type R¹R²C(OR³)OR⁴, where neither R¹ nor R² is a hydrogen atom (see quot. 1926); ˈketamine, a crystalline anæsthetic and analgesic substance, C₁₃H₁₆NOCl; 2-o-chlorophenyl-2-methylaminocyclohexanone; ˈketazine [ad. G. ketazin (Curtius & Thun 1891, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. XLIV. 162)], any compound of the type RR′C:N·N:CR{pp}R{ppp}, made by reacting one molecule of hydrazine with two molecules of (identical or different) ketones; ˈketimine, any compound containing the grouping {btl1}{bbl1}C{b2}NH, formed e.g. by the action of ammonia on a ketone; ˌketoaciˈdosis, acidosis due to enhanced production of ketone bodies; hence ˌketoaciˈdotic a., of or pertaining to ketoacidosis; ˌketoˈbemidone [perh. f. carbethoxy- + methyl + -id⁴ + -one], an analgesic, (C₆H₄OH)(COC₂H₅)C₅H₈N·CH₃, with action similar to that of morphine; ketoˈgenesis, production of ketone bodies; ketoˈgenic, † -geˈnetic adjs., producing ketone bodies; applied spec. to a diet that is rich in fats and low in carbohydrates and has been used therapeutically to produce ketosis; (17-)ketogenic steroid, any steroid which yields a (17-)ketosteroid on oxidation with a bismuthate; α-ketogluˈtaric acid, a dibasic keto-acid, HOOC·CO·CH₂·CH₂·COOH, which is formed by oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitric acid in the Krebs cycle; hence α-ketoˈglutarate, a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoglutaric acid; ketoˈhexose, any ketose with six carbon atoms; α-ˌketoˌisovaˈleric acid, a crystalline carboxylic acid, (CH₃)₂CH·CO·COOH, from which valine is synthesized by transamination in fungi; hence α-ˌketoˌisoˈvalerate, a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoisovaleric acid; ketoˈketen(e) [a. G. ketoketen (Staudinger & Klever 1908, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XLI. 909)], any ketene of the type RR′C:C:O; keˈtolysis, decomposition of ketone bodies; hence ketoˈlytic a., causing or pertaining to ketolysis; ketoˈlytically adv.; ketoˈsteroid, any steroid whose molecules contain a ketone group; 17-ketosteroid (see quot. 1964); keˈtoxime, an oxime of a ketone (i.e. any compound containing the group {btl1}{bbl1}C:NOH ), formed by the action of hydroxylamine on a ketone; ˈketyl [-yl], any salt containing a free-radical anion of the type RR′·C..·O^- , formed by dissolving a metal in a ketone.1924Chem. Abstr. XVIII. 3518 (heading) Velocity of hydrolysis of acetals and *ketals.1926Ibid. XX. 2937 The saponification of ketals (acetals of ketones) was studied in the presence of mineral acid catalyzers. They are liquids of disagreeable odor, insol. in water, sol. in alc., ether, etc., stable towards dil. alkali, rapidly hydrolyzed by dil. acid.1933Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LV. 3744 The method described in this paper..furnishes a simple approach to cyclic ketals which are difficult or impossible to make by the usual method.1965Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) C. 104 Compounds containing the group {btl1}{bbl1}C{btr1}OR¹{bbr1}OR² are termed acetals. [Note] The name ‘ketal’ is abandoned.1967I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. viii. 189 Ketones do not readily form ketals when treated with alcohols in the presence of hydrogen chloride... Ketals may, however, be prepared by treating the ketone with ethyl orthoformate.1966Approved Names (Brit. Pharmacopœia Comm.) 23 *Ketamine.1967Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 25) 1530/2 Ketamine hydrochloride is a potent analgesic and anaesthetic with actions similar to those of phencyclidine hydrochloride.., to which it is chemically related.1968Anesthesia & Analgesia Current Res. XLVII. 775/2 Ketamine has both a stimulatory and a depressive effect on the cardiovascular system. The stimulation predominates with small doses.1972Anesthesiology XXXVI. 311 With the increased medical and veterinary use of ketamine, it will probably become a popular hallucinogenic street drug.1894Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVI. 348 (heading) Transformation of *ketazines into pyrazolines.1911Ibid. C. i. 571 The ketazines from the following ketones have been prepared and examined: benzophenone, fluorenone, and tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone. All the compounds are stable..and when hydrolysed by hot mineral acids yield hydrazine and ketone.1943H. Gilman Org. Chem. (ed. 2) I. ix. 812 Hydrazones and ketazines have also been hydrogenated by means of platinum..catalysts.1909J. F. Thorpe in Proc. Chem. Soc. XXV. 309 It is suggested that as the compounds containing the group C:NH are in many respects analogous to the ketones, the general name *ketimine should be applied to them, leaving the name imine to be applied to the secondary amines.1938Allen & Blatt in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vi. 568 Monomolecular ketimines..have been prepared; they too are readily hydrolyzed and reduced.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxi. 586 Grignard reagents add to the cyano group of most nitriles to give salts of ketimines.1958Diabetes VII. 230 (heading) The nature and correction of diabetic *ketoacidosis.1961Endocrinology LXVIII. 815 Rather marked insulin insufficiency is necessary for the development of uncontrolled diabetic ketoacidosis.1969Nature 20 Dec. 1155/1 All the children suffered from vomiting, lethargy and ketoacidosis, and did not grow.1966Dunlop & Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatm. (ed. 10) 353 The patient in *ketoacidotic coma must be sent without delay to hospital.1972Jrnl. Clin. Invest. LI. 493/2 Intensive therapy for 72–96 hr with parenteral glucose and alkali were necessary before he recovered from his ketoacidotic episodes.1949Jrnl. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. XCVII. 188 *Keto-bemidone appears to be one of the most addictive drugs yet discovered.1958A.M.A. Arch. Internal Med. CI. 745 Comparison of ketobemidone with other common analgesics shows that it is one of the safest drugs to use for analgesia because of the great difference between its analgesic and euphoria-producing doses.1972J. Ball Five Pieces Jade vi. 73 Have you heard of keto-bedmidone [sic]? Or Claradon, that's another name for it... It is extremely addictive. Considerably more than heroin.1915Arch. Internal Med. XV. 65 Feeding of pancreas may augment *ketogenesis by determining increased absorption of fat.1933Cameron & Gilmour Biochem. of Med. v. 77, 1 gram by weight of glucose can be oxidized in the body along with 4·8 grams of fat, without ketogenesis.1972Diabetes XXI. 50/2 Ketogenesis from fatty acid is thus tied into the liver cell's energy metabolism.1915Arch. Internal Med. XV. 63 It seems probable that it falls in the same category as that increased sensitiveness of the diabetic organism to *ketogenetic factors after repeated pancreatic opotherapy.1911Stedman Med. Dict. 452/1 *Ketogenic.1921Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XLIX. 162 A method is described by which the ratio of ketogenic to antiketogenic molecules in the metabolic mixture of a subject may be calculated from the respiratory quotient.1930Sci. Amer. Nov. 391 This is called a ketogenic diet, because it tends to produce an excessive amount of ketones and their derivatives in the blood.1952J. K. Norymberski in Nature 20 Dec. 1075/1 The difference between 17-ketosteroids found before and after oxidation of urine affords a measure of ‘17-ketogenic steroids’ which represent an important group of corticosteroids.1968R. F. Steiner Life Chem. ix. 168 Four amino acids—leucine, isoleucine, phenylanine [sic] and tyrosine—can give rise to ketone bodies... The..group of amino acids are termed ketogenic.1972Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metabolism XXXIV. 580/1 Routine urine steroid analysis showed normal excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids.1973Nature 2 Mar. 74/1 He was interested in the mechanism of action of ketogenic diets which were then used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.1911Jrnl. Chem. Soc. C. i. 520 Ethyl α-*ketoglutarate, b.p. 114°/13 mm., obtained by esterification of the acid in a closed tube at 120°, is a colourless liquid.1940Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXXVI. 302 Carbon dioxide combines directly with pyruvic acid to yield oxaloacetic acid, the latter then combining with an additional molecule of pyruvate to form α-ketoglutarate.1971Scand. Jrnl. Clin. & Lab. Invest. XXVIII. 365/1 The known ammonia-detoxifying processes..involve amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate and amidation of glutamate to glutamine.1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 713 When ethyl oxalosuccinate is treated with hydrogen chloride in the cold and the solution boiled, hydrolysis takes place and α-*ketoglutaric acid..is formed.1937Biochem. Jrnl. XXXI. 300, α-Ketoglutaric acid thus appears to arise in the course of pyruvic acid oxidation.1938Ibid. XXXII. 112 Ten human urines contained between 10 and 40 mg. α-ketoglutaric acid per 24 hr. specimen.1968R. F. Steiner Life Chem. xii. 219 α-Ketoglutaric acid represents an important junction between the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and amino acids.1899Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXV. 423 With *ketohexoses (lævulose, sorbose), the purple colour appears after a few minutes.1938M. L. Wolfram in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. xvi. 1442 The French scientist, Pelouze, described the isolation of a new ketohexose from the juice of the berries of the mountain ash.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxvii. 698 Fructose, another common hexose, has a ketone group at C-2 and is called a ketohexose.1953Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CCV. 480 Conversely, α-*ketoisovalerate accumulation is depressed whenever the supply of valine is sufficient to permit maximal growth rate.1966Biochemistry V. 409/1 A soil microorganism, Pseudomonas P-2, growing on pantothenate as sole carbon source, converts this in part to β-alanine, α-ketoisovalerate, and valine.1953Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CCV. 457 (heading) Isoleucine and valine metabolism in Escherichia coli. V. α-*Ketoisovaleric acid accumulation.1971Jrnl. Nutrition CI. 1165/1 The effect of substituting α-ketoisovaleric acid for l-valine upon the nitrogen balance of a young female was evaluated.1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 318 The first groups are termed aldo-ketens and the second, *keto-ketens.1937F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. 281 The ketoketenes are colored, are easily auto-oxidized to give peroxides, and form addition cpds. with cyclic tertiary amines.1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. xii. 230 If the compound is of the type R·CH:C:O, it is known as an aldoketen; and if R₂C:C:O, then a ketoketen.1937Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXIX. 734 Any reduction in the ketosis consequent to carbohydrate administration must be due to either a decrease in the rate of the former (‘antiketogenesis’) or to an increase in the rate of the latter (‘*ketolysis’).1938Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXVI. 106 Liver slices from a well fed monkey have a very low rate of ketolysis as compared with liver slices from well fed rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs.1921Ibid. XLVII. 435 Glucose thus exhibits, in alkaline solution in vitro, a ‘*ketolytic’ action in hastening the oxidation of acetoacetic acid which would appear to be analogous to its ‘antiketogenic’ action in the body.1936Jrnl. Nutrition XII. 646 That aspect of the quantitative relationship of ketolytic to ketogenic factors which has interested us especially.., is the relation of carbohydrate combustion to the reduction of ketogenesis.1938Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXVI. 106 The large amount of work..showing the extrahepatic tissues..to be much more active *ketolytically than the liver is very convincing.1939Biochem. Jrnl. XXXIII. 931 (heading) The isolation of 17-*ketosteroids from the urine of normal women.1959Austral. Jrnl. Exper. Biol. & Med. Sci. XXXVII. 147 It was decided to employ enzymatic hydrolysis and separation of the individual ketosteroids in an attempt to identify and estimate them individually.1964A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 3) xlviii. 856 Since each of the various urinary metabolites of testosterone has a ketone group at C-17, these substances are referred to as 17-ketosteroids, and their concentration in the urine is a useful index of endogenous production of androgenic hormones.1888Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LIV. 443 (heading) Conversion of *ketoximes into pseudonitroles.1938C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. vii. 636 The reaction of bromine with ketoximes yields bromonitrosoparaffins.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxii. 605 The oximes of ketones (ketoximes) undergo an overall rearrangement to amides when heated with certain inorganic reagents, followed by treatment with water.1914Chem. Abstr. VIII. 113 (heading) Metal *ketyls, a large class of compounds with trivalent carbon.1934Trans. Faraday Soc. XXX. 23 By using dioxan as solvent high concentrations of the ketyls were obtained and their paramagnetism placed beyond doubt.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xix. 493 If benzophenone is converted to the ketyl with sodium, for example, the ketyl concentration is sufficient to give the solution a beautiful blue color.b. In Combs. in which keto may be used attrib. (without a hyphen) as an independent word or joined by a hyphen to the second element, as keto-acid, keto-compound, keto-ester, keto-form, etc. (in which keto- denotes the presence of a ketone group); also keto-ˈenol attrib. phr., -eˈnolic a., applied to the tautomerism between the ketonic and enolic forms of certain compounds.1911Chem. Abstr. V. 3686 (heading) Preparation of amino acids from *keto acid phenylhydrazones and aluminium amalgam.1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis vii. 237 A dibasic acid which, as a β-ketoacid, is readily decarboxylated by heat.1891Proc. Chem. Soc. VII. 91 The resinous matters often formed in large amount on nitrating many phenols are, doubtless, products of the interaction of several molecules of the addition compounds, or of the *keto-compounds formed from them in the first instance.1927Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 849 Acetylacetone may undergo *keto-enol tautomerism in the following way. CH₃COCH₂COCH₃ {equil} CH₃COCH:C(OH)CH₃.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. viii. 172 Keto-enol interconversion is subject to catalysis by acid or base.1909Proc. Chem. Soc. XXV. 309 It is advisable to apply some general term to this form of isomerism, similar to the phrase *keto-enolic isomerism in use with the oxygen derivatives.1936Biochem. Jrnl. XXX. 745 The present paper contains some observations..on certain substances..which under similar conditions yield colours with this reagent [sc. diazotized sulphanilic acid]. The group has the common character that all its members are capable of keto-enolic tautomerism.1937F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. 444 Diacetosuccinic ester, as a beta *keto ester gives reactions like those of acetoacetic ester itself.1958Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 882 Grignard reactions of keto-esters.1927Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 856 Acetylacetone in 95% alcohol solution is an equilibrium mixture of the *keto and enol forms.1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis i. 18 For ethyl acetoacetate..two factors increase the bonding..of the enol form relative to the keto form. Add: ketoˈpentose n., a ketose with five carbon atoms.1914Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XVIII. 321 All the present evidence seems to support the view that the urine pentose analyzed in this work is a *ketopentose corresponding to l-xylose or d-xylose.1985Appl. & Environmental Microbiol. XL. 158 Washed cell suspensions of either mutant incubated with 0.5{pcnt} pentitol would oxidie 60–65{pcnt} of the pentitol to the corresponding ketopentose.

keto- /ˈki:təʊ/ combining form. Before a vowel also ket-. In sense 2 also as attrib. adjective keto.

ORIGIN: from ketone: see -o-.

1.Chiefly Chemistry & Medicine. Of a ketone or ketones.

2.Chemistry. Designating or containing a ketone group, esp. as opp. to an enolic group.

DERIVATIVE keto acid noun a compound whose molecule contains both a ketone group and a carboxylic acid group E20.
ketoaciˈdosis noun acidosis due to enhanced production of ketone bodies M20.
keto-compound noun a compound containing a ketone group L19.
keto-ˈenol, keto-eˈnolic adjectives designating tautomerism between keto and enol forms of a compound E20.
ketoˈgenesis noun metabolic production of ketone bodies E20.
ketoˈgenic adjective producing ketone bodies; spec. (of a diet) rich in fats and low in carbohydrates, sometimes used therapeutically in epilepsy to produce ketosis; ketogenic steroid, 17-ketogenic steroid, a steroid which yields a (17-)ketosteroid on oxidation: E20.
α-ketoˈglutarate noun a salt or ester of α-ketoglutaric acid E20.
α-ketogluˈtaric adjective: α-ketoglutaric acid, a dibasic keto acid, HOOC·CO·CH₂·CH₂·COOH, formed by oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitric acid in the Krebs cycle E20.
ketoˈhexose noun a ketose with six carbon atoms L19.
ketoˈpentose noun a ketose with five carbon atoms E20.
ketoˈsteroid noun a steroid whose molecule contains a ketone group, esp. (in full 17-ketosteroid) one with this group at the carbon atom designated 17 M20.
keˈtoxime noun an oxime of a ketone, a compound of the general formula RR'C=NOH (where the Rs are alkyl groups) L19.

keto-
— see ket-

keto-

Prefix

organic chemistry Derived from, substituted with, or involving a ketone

Etymology

Reduced from ketone

Derived terms

English words prefixed with keto-

词汇	keto-
词根词缀	AHD Collins Dictionary.com MWCD OED SOED Webster Wiktionary keto- 或 ket- pref.（前缀） Ketone; ketone group: 酮；酮基： ketosis. 酮病语源 From ketone 源自 ketone keto- or (before a vowel) ket- combining form indicating that a chemical compound is a ketone or is derived from a ketone ⇒ ketose ⇒ ketoxime keto- 1 a combining form representing ketone, in compound words: ketolysis. Also, especially before a vowel, ket-. Related Words alpha-ketoglutaric acid ket- ketoconazole ketogenesis ketohexose ketolysis keto- combining form ⇨ see ket- keto-\|ˈkiːtəʊ\|comb. form of ketone. a. (Before a vowel also ket-.) As an inseparable formative element of terms in Chem. and Med.: ketal \|ˈkiːtæl\| [after acetal], any compound of the type R¹R²C(OR³)OR⁴, where neither R¹ nor R² is a hydrogen atom (see quot. 1926); ˈketamine, a crystalline anæsthetic and analgesic substance, C₁₃H₁₆NOCl; 2-o-chlorophenyl-2-methylaminocyclohexanone; ˈketazine [ad. G. ketazin (Curtius & Thun 1891, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. XLIV. 162)], any compound of the type RR′C:N·N:CR{pp}R{ppp}, made by reacting one molecule of hydrazine with two molecules of (identical or different) ketones; ˈketimine, any compound containing the grouping {btl1}{bbl1}C{b2}NH, formed e.g. by the action of ammonia on a ketone; ˌketoaciˈdosis, acidosis due to enhanced production of ketone bodies; hence ˌketoaciˈdotic a., of or pertaining to ketoacidosis; ˌketoˈbemidone [perh. f. carbethoxy- + methyl + -id⁴ + -one], an analgesic, (C₆H₄OH)(COC₂H₅)C₅H₈N·CH₃, with action similar to that of morphine; ketoˈgenesis, production of ketone bodies; ketoˈgenic, † -geˈnetic adjs., producing ketone bodies; applied spec. to a diet that is rich in fats and low in carbohydrates and has been used therapeutically to produce ketosis; *(17-)ketogenic steroid, any steroid which yields a (17-)ketosteroid on oxidation with a bismuthate; α-ketogluˈtaric acid, a dibasic keto-acid, HOOC·CO·CH₂·CH₂·COOH, which is formed by oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitric acid in the Krebs cycle; hence α-ketoˈglutarate, a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoglutaric acid; ketoˈhexose, any ketose with six carbon atoms; α-ˌketoˌisovaˈleric acid, a crystalline carboxylic acid, (CH₃)₂CH·CO·COOH, from which valine is synthesized by transamination in fungi; hence α-ˌketoˌisoˈvalerate, a salt or ester, or the anion, of α-ketoisovaleric acid; ketoˈketen(e)* [a. G. ketoketen (Staudinger & Klever 1908, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XLI. 909)], any ketene of the type RR′C:C:O; keˈtolysis, decomposition of ketone bodies; hence ketoˈlytic a., causing or pertaining to ketolysis; ketoˈlytically adv.; ketoˈsteroid, any steroid whose molecules contain a ketone group; *17-ketosteroid* (see quot. 1964); keˈtoxime, an oxime of a ketone (i.e. any compound containing the group {btl1}{bbl1}C:NOH ), formed by the action of hydroxylamine on a ketone; ˈketyl [-yl], any salt containing a free-radical anion of the type RR′·C..·O^- , formed by dissolving a metal in a ketone.1924Chem. Abstr. XVIII. 3518 (heading) Velocity of hydrolysis of acetals and ketals.1926Ibid. XX. 2937 The saponification of ketals (acetals of ketones) was studied in the presence of mineral acid catalyzers. They are liquids of disagreeable odor, insol. in water, sol. in alc., ether, etc., stable towards dil. alkali, rapidly hydrolyzed by dil. acid.1933Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LV. 3744 The method described in this paper..furnishes a simple approach to cyclic ketals which are difficult or impossible to make by the usual method.1965Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) C. 104 Compounds containing the group {btl1}{bbl1}C{btr1}OR¹{bbr1}OR² are termed acetals. [Note] The name ‘ketal’ is abandoned.1967I. L. Finar Org. Chem.* (ed. 5) I. viii. 189 Ketones do not readily form ketals when treated with alcohols in the presence of hydrogen chloride... Ketals may, however, be prepared by treating the ketone with ethyl orthoformate.1966Approved Names (Brit. Pharmacopœia Comm.) 23 Ketamine.1967Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 25) 1530/2 Ketamine hydrochloride is a potent analgesic and anaesthetic with actions similar to those of phencyclidine hydrochloride.., to which it is chemically related.1968Anesthesia & Analgesia Current Res. XLVII. 775/2 Ketamine has both a stimulatory and a depressive effect on the cardiovascular system. The stimulation predominates with small doses.1972Anesthesiology XXXVI. 311 With the increased medical and veterinary use of ketamine, it will probably become a popular hallucinogenic street drug.1894Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVI. 348 (heading) Transformation of ketazines into pyrazolines.1911Ibid. C. i. 571 The ketazines from the following ketones have been prepared and examined: benzophenone, fluorenone, and tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone. All the compounds are stable..and when hydrolysed by hot mineral acids yield hydrazine and ketone.1943H. Gilman Org. Chem. (ed. 2) I. ix. 812 Hydrazones and ketazines have also been hydrogenated by means of platinum..catalysts.1909J. F. Thorpe in Proc. Chem. Soc. XXV. 309 It is suggested that as the compounds containing the group C:NH are in many respects analogous to the ketones, the general name ketimine should be applied to them, leaving the name imine to be applied to the secondary amines.1938Allen & Blatt in H. Gilman Org. Chem.* I. vi. 568 Monomolecular ketimines..have been prepared; they too are readily hydrolyzed and reduced.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxi. 586 Grignard reagents add to the cyano group of most nitriles to give salts of ketimines.1958Diabetes VII. 230 (heading) The nature and correction of diabetic ketoacidosis.1961Endocrinology LXVIII. 815 Rather marked insulin insufficiency is necessary for the development of uncontrolled diabetic ketoacidosis.1969Nature 20 Dec. 1155/1 All the children suffered from vomiting, lethargy and ketoacidosis, and did not grow.1966Dunlop & Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatm.* (ed. 10) 353 The patient in ketoacidotic coma must be sent without delay to hospital.1972Jrnl. Clin. Invest. LI. 493/2 Intensive therapy for 72–96 hr with parenteral glucose and alkali were necessary before he recovered from his ketoacidotic episodes.1949Jrnl. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. XCVII. 188 Keto-bemidone appears to be one of the most addictive drugs yet discovered.1958A.M.A. Arch. Internal Med. CI. 745 Comparison of ketobemidone with other common analgesics shows that it is one of the safest drugs to use for analgesia because of the great difference between its analgesic and euphoria-producing doses.1972J. Ball Five Pieces Jade vi. 73 Have you heard of keto-bedmidone [sic]? Or Claradon, that's another name for it... It is extremely addictive. Considerably more than heroin.1915Arch. Internal Med. XV. 65 Feeding of pancreas may augment ketogenesis by determining increased absorption of fat.1933Cameron & Gilmour Biochem. of Med.* v. 77, 1 gram by weight of glucose can be oxidized in the body along with 4·8 grams of fat, without ketogenesis.1972Diabetes XXI. 50/2 Ketogenesis from fatty acid is thus tied into the liver cell's energy metabolism.1915Arch. Internal Med. XV. 63 It seems probable that it falls in the same category as that increased sensitiveness of the diabetic organism to ketogenetic factors after repeated pancreatic opotherapy.1911Stedman Med. Dict.* 452/1 Ketogenic.1921Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XLIX. 162 A method is described by which the ratio of ketogenic to antiketogenic molecules in the metabolic mixture of a subject may be calculated from the respiratory quotient.1930Sci. Amer. Nov. 391 This is called a ketogenic diet, because it tends to produce an excessive amount of ketones and their derivatives in the blood.1952J. K. Norymberski in Nature* 20 Dec. 1075/1 The difference between 17-ketosteroids found before and after oxidation of urine affords a measure of ‘17-ketogenic steroids’ which represent an important group of corticosteroids.1968R. F. Steiner Life Chem. ix. 168 Four amino acids—leucine, isoleucine, phenylanine [sic] and tyrosine—can give rise to ketone bodies... The..group of amino acids are termed ketogenic.1972Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metabolism XXXIV. 580/1 Routine urine steroid analysis showed normal excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids.1973Nature 2 Mar. 74/1 He was interested in the mechanism of action of ketogenic diets which were then used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.1911Jrnl. Chem. Soc. C. i. 520 Ethyl α-ketoglutarate, b.p. 114°/13 mm., obtained by esterification of the acid in a closed tube at 120°, is a colourless liquid.1940Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXXVI. 302 Carbon dioxide combines directly with pyruvic acid to yield oxaloacetic acid, the latter then combining with an additional molecule of pyruvate to form α-ketoglutarate.1971Scand. Jrnl. Clin. & Lab. Invest. XXVIII. 365/1 The known ammonia-detoxifying processes..involve amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate and amidation of glutamate to glutamine.1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 713 When ethyl oxalosuccinate is treated with hydrogen chloride in the cold and the solution boiled, hydrolysis takes place and α-ketoglutaric acid..is formed.1937Biochem. Jrnl. XXXI. 300, α-Ketoglutaric acid thus appears to arise in the course of pyruvic acid oxidation.1938Ibid. XXXII. 112 Ten human urines contained between 10 and 40 mg. α-ketoglutaric acid per 24 hr. specimen.1968R. F. Steiner Life Chem. xii. 219 α-Ketoglutaric acid represents an important junction between the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and amino acids.1899Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXV. 423 With ketohexoses (lævulose, sorbose), the purple colour appears after a few minutes.1938M. L. Wolfram in H. Gilman Org. Chem.* I. xvi. 1442 The French scientist, Pelouze, described the isolation of a new ketohexose from the juice of the berries of the mountain ash.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxvii. 698 Fructose, another common hexose, has a ketone group at C-2 and is called a ketohexose.1953Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CCV. 480 Conversely, α-ketoisovalerate accumulation is depressed whenever the supply of valine is sufficient to permit maximal growth rate.1966Biochemistry V. 409/1 A soil microorganism, Pseudomonas* P-2, growing on pantothenate as sole carbon source, converts this in part to β-alanine, α-ketoisovalerate, and valine.1953Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CCV. 457 (heading) Isoleucine and valine metabolism in Escherichia coli. V. α-Ketoisovaleric acid accumulation.1971Jrnl. Nutrition CI. 1165/1 The effect of substituting α-ketoisovaleric acid for l-valine upon the nitrogen balance of a young female was evaluated.1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 318 The first groups are termed aldo-ketens and the second, keto-ketens.1937F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. 281 The ketoketenes are colored, are easily auto-oxidized to give peroxides, and form addition cpds. with cyclic tertiary amines.1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. xii. 230 If the compound is of the type R·CH:C:O, it is known as an aldoketen; and if R₂C:C:O, then a ketoketen.1937Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXIX. 734 Any reduction in the ketosis consequent to carbohydrate administration must be due to either a decrease in the rate of the former (‘antiketogenesis’) or to an increase in the rate of the latter (‘ketolysis’).1938Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXVI. 106 Liver slices from a well fed monkey have a very low rate of ketolysis as compared with liver slices from well fed rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs.1921Ibid. XLVII. 435 Glucose thus exhibits, in alkaline solution in vitro, a ‘ketolytic’ action in hastening the oxidation of acetoacetic acid which would appear to be analogous to its ‘antiketogenic’ action in the body.1936Jrnl. Nutrition XII. 646 That aspect of the quantitative relationship of ketolytic to ketogenic factors which has interested us especially.., is the relation of carbohydrate combustion to the reduction of ketogenesis.1938Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXVI. 106 The large amount of work..showing the extrahepatic tissues..to be much more active ketolytically than the liver is very convincing.1939Biochem. Jrnl. XXXIII. 931 (heading) The isolation of 17-ketosteroids from the urine of normal women.1959Austral. Jrnl. Exper. Biol. & Med. Sci. XXXVII. 147 It was decided to employ enzymatic hydrolysis and separation of the individual ketosteroids in an attempt to identify and estimate them individually.1964A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 3) xlviii. 856 Since each of the various urinary metabolites of testosterone has a ketone group at C-17, these substances are referred to as 17-ketosteroids, and their concentration in the urine is a useful index of endogenous production of androgenic hormones.1888Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LIV. 443 (heading) Conversion of ketoximes into pseudonitroles.1938C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem.* vii. 636 The reaction of bromine with ketoximes yields bromonitrosoparaffins.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxii. 605 The oximes of ketones (ketoximes) undergo an overall rearrangement to amides when heated with certain inorganic reagents, followed by treatment with water.1914Chem. Abstr. VIII. 113 (heading) Metal ketyls, a large class of compounds with trivalent carbon.1934Trans. Faraday Soc. XXX. 23 By using dioxan as solvent high concentrations of the ketyls were obtained and their paramagnetism placed beyond doubt.1971N. L. Allinger et al.* Org. Chem. xix. 493 If benzophenone is converted to the ketyl with sodium, for example, the ketyl concentration is sufficient to give the solution a beautiful blue color.b. In Combs. in which keto may be used attrib. (without a hyphen) as an independent word or joined by a hyphen to the second element, as *keto-acid, keto-compound, keto-ester, keto-form, etc. (in which keto-* denotes the presence of a ketone group); also keto-ˈenol attrib. phr., -eˈnolic a., applied to the tautomerism between the ketonic and enolic forms of certain compounds.1911Chem. Abstr. V. 3686 (heading) Preparation of amino acids from keto acid phenylhydrazones and aluminium amalgam.1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis* vii. 237 A dibasic acid which, as a β-ketoacid, is readily decarboxylated by heat.1891Proc. Chem. Soc. VII. 91 The resinous matters often formed in large amount on nitrating many phenols are, doubtless, products of the interaction of several molecules of the addition compounds, or of the keto-compounds formed from them in the first instance.1927Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 849 Acetylacetone may undergo keto-enol tautomerism in the following way. CH₃COCH₂COCH₃ {equil} CH₃COCH:C(OH)CH₃.1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. viii. 172 Keto-enol interconversion is subject to catalysis by acid or base.1909Proc. Chem. Soc. XXV. 309 It is advisable to apply some general term to this form of isomerism, similar to the phrase keto-enolic isomerism in use with the oxygen derivatives.1936Biochem. Jrnl. XXX. 745 The present paper contains some observations..on certain substances..which under similar conditions yield colours with this reagent [sc. diazotized sulphanilic acid]. The group has the common character that all its members are capable of keto-enolic tautomerism.1937F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem.* 444 Diacetosuccinic ester, as a beta keto ester gives reactions like those of acetoacetic ester itself.1958Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 882 Grignard reactions of keto-esters.1927Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 856 Acetylacetone in 95% alcohol solution is an equilibrium mixture of the keto and enol forms.1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis i. 18 For ethyl acetoacetate..two factors increase the bonding..of the enol form relative to the keto form. Add: ketoˈpentose n., a ketose with five carbon atoms.1914Jrnl. Biol. Chem. XVIII. 321 All the present evidence seems to support the view that the urine pentose analyzed in this work is a ketopentose corresponding to l-xylose or d-xylose.1985Appl. & Environmental Microbiol. XL. 158 Washed cell suspensions of either mutant incubated with 0.5{pcnt} pentitol would oxidie 60–65{pcnt} of the pentitol to the corresponding ketopentose. keto- /ˈki:təʊ/ combining form. Before a vowel also ket-. In sense 2 also as attrib. adjective keto. ORIGIN: from ketone: see -o-. 1.Chiefly Chemistry & Medicine. Of a ketone or ketones. 2.Chemistry. Designating or containing a ketone group, esp. as opp. to an enolic group. DERIVATIVE keto acid noun a compound whose molecule contains both a ketone group and a carboxylic acid group E20. ketoaciˈdosis noun acidosis due to enhanced production of ketone bodies M20. keto-compound noun a compound containing a ketone group L19. keto-ˈenol, keto-eˈnolic adjectives designating tautomerism between keto and enol forms of a compound E20. ketoˈgenesis noun metabolic production of ketone bodies E20. ketoˈgenic adjective producing ketone bodies; spec. (of a diet) rich in fats and low in carbohydrates, sometimes used therapeutically in epilepsy to produce ketosis; ketogenic steroid, 17-ketogenic steroid, a steroid which yields a (17-)ketosteroid on oxidation: E20. α-ketoˈglutarate noun a salt or ester of α-ketoglutaric acid E20. α-ketogluˈtaric adjective: α-ketoglutaric acid, a dibasic keto acid, HOOC·CO·CH₂·CH₂·COOH, formed by oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitric acid in the Krebs cycle E20. ketoˈhexose noun a ketose with six carbon atoms L19. ketoˈpentose noun a ketose with five carbon atoms E20. ketoˈsteroid noun a steroid whose molecule contains a ketone group, esp. (in full 17-ketosteroid) one with this group at the carbon atom designated 17 M20. keˈtoxime noun an oxime of a ketone, a compound of the general formula RR'C=NOH (where the Rs are alkyl groups) L19. keto-* — see ket- keto- Prefix organic chemistry Derived from, substituted with, or involving a ketone Etymology Reduced from ketone Derived terms ► English words prefixed with keto- See also oxy- hydro- carbo-
随便看	Graham grail grain grainy Grallatores -gram gram gramari- gramercy gram-, -gram-, -gram, -grammatic, -grammatical, -grammatically, -gramme, -grammic -gram-, -graph- gramin- gramineous gramini- graminivorous grammar grammarian grammatical -pyga -pygia Pygmalion pygmy pygo- pyg-, pygo-, -pyga, -pygia pyjamas

combining form

keto-

Related Words

keto-

Prefix

Etymology

Derived terms

See also